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In the United States, a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education. These certificates usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge about a certain vocational or professional subject. Certificate programs can be completed more quickly than associate degrees and often do not have general education requirements. Undergraduate certificates represent completion of a specific program offered in coordination with a bachelors degree. Graduate certificates represent completion of studies beyond the bachelor's degree, yet short of a masters degree.

In the State of Maryland, a Certificate of Merit was, until recently, issued to graduating high-school seniors who met certain academic requirements (such as completion of advanced courses and a cumulative GPA of 3.00); the statewide certificate has since been replaced by "endorsements" defined by each local school system.[3]

It also may be awarded as a necessary certification to validate that a student is considered competent in a certain specific networking skill area in information technology. Thus a computer engineer or computer science graduation most likely will have to obtain additional certificates on and pertaining to the specific technologies or equipment used by the hiring corporation; if not, such employer may suffer unwanted penalties like foregoing (voiding the contract) the protections of a certain level of customer service or warranties.

A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies. Most certifications are time-limited; some expire after a period of time (e.g., the lifetime of a product that required certification for use), while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met. Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up-to-date on advancements in the field, evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits (CECs), or continuing education units (CEUs), from approved professional development courses.

Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations, trade organizations, or private vendors interested in raising industry standards. Certificate programs are often created or endorsed by professional associations, but are typically completely independent from membership organizations. Certifications are very common in fields such as aviation, construction, technology, environment, and other industrial sectors, as well as healthcare, business, real estate, and finance.

According to The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997) by Phillip Barnhart, "certifications are portable, since they do not depend on one company's definition of a certain job" and they provide protential employers with "an impartial, third-party endorsement of an individual's professional knowledge and experience".[1]

Certification is different from professional licensure. In the United States, licenses are typically issued by state agencies, whereas certifications are usually awarded by professional societies or educational institutes. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. In other countries, licenses are typically granted by professional societies or universities and require a certificate after about three to five years and so on thereafter. The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than that of licensure, though sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same, despite differing in terms of legal status.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines the standard for being a certifying agency as meeting the following two requirements:

1. Delivering an assessment based on industry knowledge that is independent from training courses or course providers
2. Granting a time-limited credential to anyone who meets the assessment standards

The Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) is a U.S.-based organization that sets standards for the accreditation of personnel certification and certificate programs based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, a joint publication of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Many members of the Association of Test Publishers (ATP) are also certification organizations.

• Phillip Barnhart, The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997), HRD Press. ISBN 0-8493-9960-2 Retrieved electronically 7 July 2009.

• Master of Professional Studies in Real Estate. "Advanced Professional Certificate in Real Estate | Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies". Scs.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

• "Certificate Programs". lesley.edu.

Colleges and universities around the world offer bachelor's degrees, graduate degrees, diplomas and certificates in management, generally within their colleges of business, business schools or faculty of management but also in other related departments. In the 2010s, there has been an increase in online management education and training in the form of electronic educational technology ( also called e-learning). Online education has increased the accessibility of management training to people who do not live near a college or university, or who cannot afford to travel to a city where such training is available.

While some professions require academic credentials in order to work in the profession (e.g., law, medicine, engineering, which require, respectively the Bachelor of Law, Doctor of Medicine and Bachelor of Engineering degrees), management and administration positions do not necessarily require the completion of academic degrees. Some well-known senior executives in the US who did not complete a degree include Steve Jobs, Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg. However, many managers and executives have completed some type of business or management training, such as a Bachelor of Commerce or a Master of Business Administration degree. Some major organizations, including companies, not-for-profit organizations and governments, require applicants to managerial or executive positions to hold at minimum Bachelor's degree in a field related to administration or management, or in the case of business jobs, a Bachelor of Commerce or a similar degree.

Undergraduate

At the undergraduate level, the most common business program is the Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.). However to manage technological areas, you need an undergraduate degree in a STEM area as preferred to Defense Acquisition University guidelines. This is typically a four-year program that includes courses that give students an overview of the role of managers in planning and directing within an organization. Course topics include accounting, financial management, statistics, marketing, strategy, and other related areas. There are many other undergraduate degrees that include the study of management, such as Bachelor of Arts degrees with a major in business administration or management and Bachelor of Public Administration (B.P.A), a degree designed for individuals aiming to work as bureaucrats in the government jobs. Many colleges and universities also offer certificates and diplomas in business administration or management, which typically require one to two years of full-time study.

Graduate

At the graduate level students aiming at careers as managers or executives may choose to specialize in major subareas of management or business administration such as entrepreneurship, human resources, international business, organizational behavior, organizational theory, strategic management, accounting, corporate finance, entertainment, global management, healthcare management, investment management, sustainability and real estate. A Master of Business Administration (MBA) is the most popular professional degree at the master's level and can be obtained from many universities in the United States. MBA programs provide further education in management and leadership for graduate students. Other master's degrees in business and management include Master of Management (MM) and the Master of Science (M.Sc.) in business administration or management, which is typically taken by students aiming to become researchers or professors. There are also specialized master's degrees in administration for individuals aiming at careers outside of business, such as the Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree (also offered as a Master of Arts in Public Administration in some universities), for students aiming to become managers or executives in the public service and the Master of Health Administration, for students aiming to become managers or executives in the health care and hospital sector.

Management doctorates are the most advanced terminal degrees in the field of business and management. Most individuals obtaining management doctorates take the programs to obtain the training in research methods, statistical analysis and writing academic papers that they will need to seek careers as researchers, senior consultants and/or professors in business administration or management. There are three main types of management doctorates: the Doctor of Management (D.M.), the Doctor of Business Administration (D.B.A.), and the Ph.D. in Business Administration or Management. In the 2010s, doctorates in business administration and management are available with many specializations.

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/MA	Technical Management
School: DeVry University Program: Getting the right education is critical to moving ahead in today's fast-paced business world. Entering the workforce as soon as possible after gaining an educational foundation is often necessary in order to meet financial obligations and family responsibilities. But to get ahead in an increasingly complex and competitive work environment, more advanced education is necessary. The TM program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and business, computer applications, and technical applications. :: Concentration: Management :: Campus    ::  Location: Phoenix, AZ ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/MA	Technical Management
School: DeVry University Program: Getting the right education is critical to moving ahead in today's fast-paced business world. Entering the workforce as soon as possible after gaining an educational foundation is often necessary in order to meet financial obligations and family responsibilities. But to get ahead in an increasingly complex and competitive work environment, more advanced education is necessary. The TM program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and business, computer applications, and technical applications. :: Concentration: Management :: Campus    ::  Location: Fremont, CA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/MA	Technical Management
School: DeVry University Program: Getting the right education is critical to moving ahead in today's fast-paced business world. Entering the workforce as soon as possible after gaining an educational foundation is often necessary in order to meet financial obligations and family responsibilities. But to get ahead in an increasingly complex and competitive work environment, more advanced education is necessary. The TM program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and business, computer applications, and technical applications. :: Concentration: Management :: Campus    ::  Location: Long Beach, CA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/MA	Technical Management
School: DeVry University Program: Getting the right education is critical to moving ahead in today's fast-paced business world. Entering the workforce as soon as possible after gaining an educational foundation is often necessary in order to meet financial obligations and family responsibilities. But to get ahead in an increasingly complex and competitive work environment, more advanced education is necessary. The TM program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and business, computer applications, and technical applications. :: Concentration: Management :: Campus    ::  Location: Pomona, CA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/MA	Technical Management
School: DeVry University Program: Getting the right education is critical to moving ahead in today's fast-paced business world. Entering the workforce as soon as possible after gaining an educational foundation is often necessary in order to meet financial obligations and family responsibilities. But to get ahead in an increasingly complex and competitive work environment, more advanced education is necessary. The TM program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and business, computer applications, and technical applications. :: Concentration: Management :: Campus    ::  Location: West Hills, CA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/MA	Technical Management
School: DeVry University Program: Getting the right education is critical to moving ahead in today's fast-paced business world. Entering the workforce as soon as possible after gaining an educational foundation is often necessary in order to meet financial obligations and family responsibilities. But to get ahead in an increasingly complex and competitive work environment, more advanced education is necessary. The TM program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and business, computer applications, and technical applications. :: Concentration: Management :: Campus    ::  Location: Alpharetta, GA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/MA	Technical Management
School: DeVry University Program: Getting the right education is critical to moving ahead in today's fast-paced business world. Entering the workforce as soon as possible after gaining an educational foundation is often necessary in order to meet financial obligations and family responsibilities. But to get ahead in an increasingly complex and competitive work environment, more advanced education is necessary. The TM program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and business, computer applications, and technical applications. :: Concentration: Management :: Campus    ::  Location: Decatur, GA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/MA	Technical Management
School: DeVry University Program: Getting the right education is critical to moving ahead in today's fast-paced business world. Entering the workforce as soon as possible after gaining an educational foundation is often necessary in order to meet financial obligations and family responsibilities. But to get ahead in an increasingly complex and competitive work environment, more advanced education is necessary. The TM program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and business, computer applications, and technical applications. :: Concentration: Management :: Campus    ::  Location: Chicago, IL ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/MA	Technical Management
School: DeVry University Program: Getting the right education is critical to moving ahead in today's fast-paced business world. Entering the workforce as soon as possible after gaining an educational foundation is often necessary in order to meet financial obligations and family responsibilities. But to get ahead in an increasingly complex and competitive work environment, more advanced education is necessary. The TM program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and business, computer applications, and technical applications. :: Concentration: Management :: Campus    ::  Location: DuPage (Addison), IL ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/MA	Technical Management
School: DeVry University Program: Getting the right education is critical to moving ahead in today's fast-paced business world. Entering the workforce as soon as possible after gaining an educational foundation is often necessary in order to meet financial obligations and family responsibilities. But to get ahead in an increasingly complex and competitive work environment, more advanced education is necessary. The TM program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and business, computer applications, and technical applications. :: Concentration: Management :: Campus    ::  Location: Tinley Park, IL ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/MA	Technical Management
School: DeVry University Program: Getting the right education is critical to moving ahead in today's fast-paced business world. Entering the workforce as soon as possible after gaining an educational foundation is often necessary in order to meet financial obligations and family responsibilities. But to get ahead in an increasingly complex and competitive work environment, more advanced education is necessary. The TM program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and business, computer applications, and technical applications. :: Concentration: Management :: Campus    ::  Location: Kansas City, MO ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/MA	Technical Management
School: DeVry University Program: Getting the right education is critical to moving ahead in today's fast-paced business world. Entering the workforce as soon as possible after gaining an educational foundation is often necessary in order to meet financial obligations and family responsibilities. But to get ahead in an increasingly complex and competitive work environment, more advanced education is necessary. The TM program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and business, computer applications, and technical applications. :: Concentration: Management :: Campus    ::  Location: Columbus, OH ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/MA	Technical Management
School: DeVry University Program: Getting the right education is critical to moving ahead in today's fast-paced business world. Entering the workforce as soon as possible after gaining an educational foundation is often necessary in order to meet financial obligations and family responsibilities. But to get ahead in an increasingly complex and competitive work environment, more advanced education is necessary. The TM program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and business, computer applications, and technical applications. :: Concentration: Management :: Campus    ::  Location: Dallas (Irving), TX ::  more info

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School Description

business and technical management

Getting the right education is critical to moving ahead in today's fast-paced business world. Entering the workforce as soon as possible after gaining an educational foundation is often necessary in order to meet financial obligations and family responsibilities. But to get ahead in an increasingly complex and competitive work environment, more advanced education is necessary.

The TM program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and business, computer applications, and technical applications.

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