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In an academic context, the Association for Computing Machinery defines IT as "undergraduate degree programs that prepare students to meet the computer technology needs of business, government, healthcare, schools, and other kinds of organizations .... IT specialists assume responsibility for selecting hardware and software products appropriate for an organization, integrating those products with organizational needs and infrastructure, and installing, customizing, and maintaining those applications for the organization’s computer users."

In a business context, the Information Technology Association of America has defined information technology as "the study, design, development, application, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems". The responsibilities of those working in the field include network administration, software development and installation, and the planning and management of an organization's technology life cycle, by which hardware and software are maintained, upgraded and replaced.

The business value of information technology lies in the automation of business processes, provision of information for decision making, connecting businesses with their customers, and the provision of productivity tools to increase efficiency.

Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data,[1] or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered to be a subset of information and communications technology (ICT). An information technology system (IT system) is generally an information system, a communications system or, more specifically speaking, a computer system – including all hardware, software and peripheral equipment – operated by a limited group of users.

Electronic system level (ESL) design and verification is an electronic design methodology, focused on higher abstraction level concerns. The term Electronic System Level or ESL Design was first defined by Gartner Dataquest, an EDA-industry-analysis firm, on February 1, 2001. It is defined in ESL Design and Verification as: "the utilization of appropriate abstractions in order to increase comprehension about a system, and to enhance the probability of a successful implementation of functionality in a cost-effective manner."

The basic premise is to model the behavior of the entire system using a high-level language such as C, C++, or using graphical "model-based" design tools. Newer languages are emerging that enable the creation of a model at a higher level of abstraction including general purpose system design languages like SysML as well as those that are specific to embedded system design like SMDL and SSDL. Rapid and correct-by-construction implementation of the system can be automated using EDA tools such as high-level synthesis and embedded software tools, although much of it is performed manually today. ESL can also be accomplished through the use of SystemC as an abstract modeling language.

Electronic System Level is an established approach at many of the world’s leading System-on-a-chip (SoC) design companies, and is being used increasingly in system design. From its genesis as an algorithm modeling methodology with ‘no links to implementation’, ESL is evolving into a set of complementary methodologies that enable embedded system design, verification, and debugging through to the hardware and software implementation of custom SoC, system-on-FPGA, system-on board, and entire multi-board systems.

Design and verification are two distinct disciplines within this methodology. Some practices are to keep the two elements separate, while others advocate for closer integration between design and verification.

Massachusetts (/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ (listen), /-zɪts/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named after the Massachusett tribe, which once inhabited the east side of the area, and is one of the original thirteen states. The capital of Massachusetts is Boston, which is also the most populous city in New England. Over 80% of Massachusetts's population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry.[41] Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade,[42] Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution.[43] During the 20th century, Massachusetts's economy shifted from manufacturing to services.[44] Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.[45]

Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Bay State The Pilgrim State; The Puritan State The Old Colony State The Baked Bean State[1]
Motto(s): Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem (Latin) By the sword we seek peace, but peace only under liberty
State song(s): "All Hail to Massachusetts"
Official language	English[2]
Spoken languages	English 77.4% Spanish 8.6% Portuguese 2.8%. Chinese 2.1%[3]
Demonym	Bay Stater (official)[4] Massachusite (traditional)[5][6]
Capital (and largest city)	Boston
Largest metro	Greater Boston
Area	Ranked 44th
• Total	10,565[7] sq mi (27,337 km2)
• Width	183 miles (295 km)
• Length	108 miles (174 km)
• % water	26.1
• Latitude	41° 14′ N to 42° 53′ N
• Longitude	69° 56′ W to 73° 30′ W
Population	Ranked 15th
• Total	6,902,149 (2018)
• Density	840/sq mi  (324/km2) Ranked 3rd
• Median household income	$77,385[8] (5th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Mount Greylock[9][10] 3,489 ft (1063.4 m)
• Mean	500 ft  (150 m)
• Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean Sea level
Before statehood	Province of Massachusetts Bay
Admitted to the Union	February 6, 1788 (6th)
Governor	Charlie Baker (R)
Lieutenant Governor	Karyn Polito (R)
Legislature	General Court
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	Elizabeth Warren (D) Ed Markey (D)
U.S. House delegation	9 Democrats (list)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC −5/−4
ISO 3166	US-MA
Abbreviations	MA, Mass.
Website	www.mass.gov

Massachusetts state symbols
The Flag of Massachusetts
The Seal of Massachusetts
Living insignia
Bird	Black-capped chickadee,[11] wild turkey[12][13]
Fish	Cod[13][14]
Flower	Mayflower[13][15]
Insect	Ladybug[13][16]
Mammal	Right whale,[17] Morgan horse,[18] Tabby cat,[19] Boston Terrier[20]
Reptile	Garter snake[13][21]
Tree	American elm[13][22]
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Cranberry juice[13][23]
Colors	Blue, green, cranberry[13][24]
Dance	Square dance[13][25]
Food	Cranberry,[26] corn muffin,[13][27] navy bean,[28] Boston cream pie,[29] chocolate chip cookie,[30] Boston cream doughnut[31]
Fossil	Dinosaur Tracks[32]
Gemstone	Rhodonite[13][33]
Mineral	Babingtonite[13][34]
Poem	"Blue Hills of Massachusetts"[13][35]
Rock	Rolling Rock[13][36]
Shell	New England Neptune, Neptunea lyrata decemcostata[13][39]
Ship	Schooner Ernestina [13]
Slogan	Make It Yours, The Spirit of America[37]
Soil	Paxton[13]
Sport	Basketball[38]
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2000[40]
Lists of United States state symbols

Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine [46]. Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, passengers of the Mayflower. In 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America's most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials.[47] In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, including interchangeable parts.[48] In 1786, Shays' Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention.[49] In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, originated from the pulpit of Northampton preacher Jonathan Edwards.[50] In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty"[51] for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution.

The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a powerful commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance,[52] and transcendentalist[53] movements.[54] In the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively.[55][56] In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.[57] Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams and Kennedy families. Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States,[58] with the largest financial endowment of any university,[59] and Harvard Law School has educated a contemporaneous majority of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.[60] Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet", in reference to the high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010.[61][62] Both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world.[63] Massachusetts' public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance,[64] and the state has been ranked as one of the top states in the United States for citizens to live in, as well as one of the most expensive.[65]

The United States Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that the Massachusetts gross state product in 2017 was US$527 billion.[204] The per capita personal income in 2012 was $53,221, making it the third-highest state in the nation.[205] As of January 2019, Massachusetts general minimum wage in the state is $12 per hour while the minimum wage for tipped workers is $4.35 an hour.[206]

In 2015, twelve Fortune 500 companies were located in Massachusetts: Liberty Mutual, Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company, TJX Companies, EMC Corporation, Raytheon, Staples Inc., Global Partners, Thermo Fisher Scientific, State Street Corporation, Biogen, Eversource Energy, and Boston Scientific.[207] CNBC's list of "Top States for Business for 2014" has recognized Massachusetts as the 25th-best state in the nation for business,[208] and for the second year in a row the state was ranked by Bloomberg as the most innovative state in America.[209] According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Massachusetts had the sixth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.73 percent.[210] Billionaires living in the state include past and present leaders (and related family) of local companies such as Fidelity Investments, New Balance, Kraft Group, Boston Scientific, and the former Continental Cablevision.[211] Boston-Logan International Airport is the busiest airport in New England, serving 33.4 million total passengers in 2015, and witnessing rapid growth in international air traffic since 2010.[212]

Sectors vital to the Massachusetts economy include higher education, biotechnology, information technology, finance, health care, tourism, manufacturing, and defense. The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment,[213] and high technology remains an important sector. In recent years tourism has played an ever-important role in the state's economy, with Boston and Cape Cod being the leading destinations.[214] Other popular tourist destinations include Salem, Plymouth, and the Berkshires. Massachusetts is the sixth-most popular tourist destination for foreign travelers.[215] In 2010, the Great Places in Massachusetts Commission published '1,000 Great Places in Massachusetts' that identified 1,000 sites across the commonwealth to highlight the diverse historic, cultural, and natural attractions.[216]

Cape Cod Bay, a leading tourist destination in Massachusetts. Tourism is important to the state's economy.

While manufacturing comprised less than 10% of Massachusetts's gross state product in 2016, the Commonwealth ranked 16th in the nation in total manufacturing output in the United States.[217] This includes a diverse array of manufactured goods such as medical devices, paper goods, specialty chemicals and plastics, telecommunications and electronics equipment, and machined components.[218][219]

As of 2012, there were 7,755 farms in Massachusetts encompassing a total of 523,517 acres (2,120 km2), averaging 67.5 acres (0.273 km2) apiece.[220] Particular agricultural products of note include green house products making up more than one third of the state's agricultural output, cranberries, sweet corn and apples are also large sectors of production.[221] Massachusetts is the second-largest cranberry-producing state in the union after Wisconsin.[222]

The more than 33,000 nonprofits in Massachusetts employ one-sixth of the state's workforce.[223] In 2007, Governor Deval Patrick signed into law a state holiday, Nonprofit Awareness Day.

In February 2017, U.S. News & World Report ranked Massachusetts the best state in the United States based upon 60 metrics including healthcare, education, crime, infrastructure, opportunity, economy, and government. The Bay State ranked number one in education, number two in healthcare, and number five in the handling of the economy.[65]

In 2018, Massachusetts's overall educational system was ranked the top among all fifty U.S. states by U.S. News & World Report.[188] Massachusetts was the first state in North America to require municipalities to appoint a teacher or establish a grammar school with the passage of the Massachusetts Education Law of 1647,[189] and 19th century reforms pushed by Horace Mann laid much of the groundwork for contemporary universal public education[190][191] which was established in 1852.[121] Massachusetts is home to the oldest school in continuous existence in North America (The Roxbury Latin School, founded in 1645), as well as the country's oldest public elementary school (The Mather School, founded in 1639),[192] its oldest high school (Boston Latin School, founded in 1635),[193] its oldest continuously operating boarding school (The Governor's Academy, founded in 1763),[194] its oldest college (Harvard University, founded in 1636),[195] and its oldest women's college (Mount Holyoke College, founded in 1837).[196]

Massachusetts's per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was eighth in the nation in 2012, at $14,844.[197] In 2013, Massachusetts scored highest of all the states in math and third-highest in reading on the National Assessment of Educational Progress.[198]

Massachusetts is home to 121 institutions of higher education.[199] Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, both located in Cambridge, consistently rank among the world's best private universities and universities in general.[200] In addition to Harvard and MIT, several other Massachusetts universities currently rank in the top 50 at the undergraduate level nationally in the widely cited rankings of U.S. News and World Report: Tufts University (#27), Boston College (#32), Brandeis University (#34), Boston University (#37) and Northeastern University (#40). Massachusetts is also home to three of the top five U.S. News and World Report's best Liberal Arts Colleges: Williams College (#1), Amherst College (#2), and Wellesley College (#4).[201] The public University of Massachusetts (nicknamed UMass) features five campuses in the state, with its flagship campus in Amherst that enrolls over 25,000 students.[202][203]

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        School Description

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/ES	Computer Technical Support
School: Katharine Gibbs School Program: The Computer Technical Support program is a 9-month certificate program in the day and 12 months in the evening that provides students with hands-on experience in operating systems, networking, software applications, and network maintenance. Graduates may seek positions to support end users and programmers in business environments. Networked computer environments permit students to share information and equipment through a variety of data communications hardware, computers, communications software, communications media, and applications software. In addition, students will be introduced to the communication, interpersonal, and career building skills that are essential to success in business. :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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CA/ES	Microsoft Windows Certified Professional
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: In response to the growing demand for skilled professionals in Windows 2000, Clark University has developed the most comprehensive set of Windows 2000 career training programs in the industry. Students in this program can start to gain the prestigious status of Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP). :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/ES	Microsoft Windows PC Network Technician (A+, Net+, MCP)
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: From PC basics and diagnostics forward to various levels of learning in Windows 2000, each Clark University program has been carefully designed to help the student gain the knowledge and skills to start to qualify for the various and prestigious industry certifications. Students will learn how to install and configure PC hardware such as disks, memory and network adapters, and to install operating systems such as Windows and DOS. :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/ES	PC Service and Support (A+, Net+)
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: Students enrolled in Clark University's Microsoft Windows Program this will learn how to install and configure PC hardware such as disks, memory and network adapters, and to install operating systems such as Windows and DOS. The program will also cover diagnosis and troubleshooting of typical problems with hardware and operating systems. :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/ES	PC Support Technician
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Launch your computer tech career with training from the PC Support Technician program. Designed to prepare you for the A+ and Network+ Certification examinations and an entry-level position as a PC Support Technican, you will: Learn the features and functions of the MicrosoftT Windows 2000 Professional operating system Gain knowledge of the installation protocol and troubleshooting techniques for PC operating systems and computer hardware. Work on the essentials of network design, networking operations and common problem solving techniques. Become familiar with the fundamentals for configuration and installation of a Windows NT Workstation 4.0. And you can get the hands-on training you need in just 7 months. :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info     ::  Location: Brockton, MA ::  more info     ::  Location: Lowell, MA ::  more info     ::  Location: Somerville, MA ::  more info

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School Description

electronic systems

Massachusetts Listing

The program in Electronics Engineering Technology is designed to prepare you with skills necessary to advance into management opportunities in a technical field.

The combination of management and general education courses in the program helps you apply skills in generate management, critical thinking, logic, communication, and problem solving to management challenges in a technical environment.

The program helps prepares you for supervisory roles in the Electronics industry.

The program will teach you to:

• Describe computer network concepts and implement common network operating systems and topologies.
• Write computer programs using C++ programming language.
• Conduct circuit analysis.
• Develop control systems to control industrial processes using sensors, controllers and control loops.
• Operate and calibrate commonly used test equipment such as oscilloscopes, multimeters and function generators.

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