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A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in business administration or management. According to Kaplan business schools are "educational institutions that specialize in teaching courses and programs related to business and/or management". Such a school can also be known as school of management, school of business administration, or colloquially b-school or biz school. A business school teaches topics such as accounting, administration, strategy, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, human resource management, management science, management information systems, international business, logistics, marketing, organizational psychology, organizational behavior, public relations, research methods and real estate among others.

There are several forms of business schools, including a school of business, business administration, and management.

1. Most of the university business schools consist of faculties, colleges, or departments within the university, and predominantly teach business courses (e.g. Mannheim Business School).
2. In North America, a business school is often understood to be a university program that offers a graduate Master of Business Administration degrees and/or undergraduate bachelor's degrees (e.g. Harvard Business School).
3. In Europe and Asia, some universities teach predominantly business courses (e.g. Copenhagen Business School).
4. Privately owned business school which is not affiliated with any university (e.g. WHU-Otto Beisheim School of Management).

Kaplan classifies business schools along four Corners:

1. Culture (Europe - US): Independent of their actual (physical) location, business schools can be classified according to whether they follow the European or the US model.
2. Compass (international/global – regional/local): Business schools can be classified along a continuum, with international/ global schools on one end and regional/ local schools on the other.
3. Capital (public – private): Business schools can either be publicly (state) funded or privately funded, for example through endowments or tuition fees.
4. Content (teaching – research): Business school can be classified according to whether a school considers teaching or research to be its primary focus.

Some business schools structure their teaching around the use of case studies (i.e. the case method). Case studies have been used in Graduate and Undergraduate business education for nearly one hundred years. Business cases are historical descriptions of actual business situations. Typically, information is presented about a business firm's products, markets, competition, financial structure, sales volumes, management, employees and other factors influencing the firm's success. The length of a business case study may range from two or three pages to 30 pages, or more.

Students are expected to scrutinize the case study and prepare to discuss strategies and tactics that the firm should employ in the future. Three different methods have been used in business case teaching:

1. Preparing case-specific questions to be answered by the student. This is used with short cases intended for Undergraduate students. The underlying concept is that such students need specific guidance to be able to analyze case studies.
2. Problem-solving analysis is the second method initiated by the Harvard Business School which is by far the most widely used method in MBA and executive development programs. The underlying concept is that with enough practice (hundreds of case analyses) students develop intuitive skills for analyzing and resolving complex business situations. Successful implementation of this method depends heavily on the skills of the discussion leader.
3. A generally applicable strategic planning approach. This third method does not require students to analyze hundreds of cases. A strategic planning model is provided and students are instructed to apply the steps of the model to six – and up to a dozen cases – during a semester. This is sufficient to develop their ability to analyze a complex situation, generate a variety of possible strategies and to select the best ones. In effect, students learn a generally applicable approach to analyze cases studies and real situations. This approach does not make any extraordinary demands on the artistic and dramatic talents of the teacher. Consequently, most professors are capable of supervising the application of this method.

In contrast to the case method some schools use a skills-based approach in teaching business. This approach emphasizes quantitative methods, in particular operations research, management information systems, statistics, organizational behavior, modeling and simulation, and decision science. The leading institution in this method is the Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University. The goal is to provide students a set of tools that will prepare them to tackle and solve problems.

In addition to teaching students, many business schools run Executive Education programs. These may be either open programs or company-specific programs. Executives may also acquire an MBA title in an Executive MBA program within university of business or from top ranked business schools. Many business schools seek close co-operation with business.

Alabama (/ˌæləˈbæmə/) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total of 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland waterways, Alabama has among the most of any state.[7]

State of Alabama
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Yellowhammer State, The Heart of Dixie, and The Cotton State
Motto(s): Latin: Audemus jura nostra defendere We dare defend our rights
State song(s): "Alabama"
Official language	English
Spoken languages	As of 2010[1] English 95.1% Spanish 3.1%
Demonym	Alabamian[2]
Capital	Montgomery
Largest city	Birmingham
Largest metro	Greater Birmingham
Area	Ranked 30th
• Total	52,419 sq mi (135,765 km2)
• Width	190 miles (305 km)
• Length	330 miles (531 km)
• % water	3.20
• Latitude	30° 11' N to 35° N
• Longitude	84° 53' W to 88° 28' W
Population	Ranked 24th
• Total	4,887,871 (2018)
• Density	94.7 (2011 est.)/sq mi  (36.5 (2011 est.)/km2) Ranked 27th
• Median household income	$48,123[3] (46th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Mount Cheaha[4][5][6] 2,413 ft (735.5 m)
• Mean	500 ft  (150 m)
• Lowest point	Gulf of Mexico[5] Sea level
Before statehood	Alabama Territory
Admitted to the Union	December 14, 1819 (22nd)
Governor	Kay Ivey (R)
Lieutenant Governor	Will Ainsworth (R)
Legislature	Alabama Legislature
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	Richard Shelby (R) Doug Jones (D)
U.S. House delegation	6 Republicans 1 Democrat (list)
Time zones
• most of state	Central: UTC −6/−5
• Phenix City area	Eastern: UTC −5/−4
ISO 3166	US-AL
Abbreviations	AL, Ala.
Website	alabama.gov

Alabama state symbols
The Flag of Alabama
The Seal of Alabama
Living insignia
Amphibian	Red Hills salamander
Bird	Yellowhammer, wild turkey
Butterfly	Eastern tiger swallowtail
Fish	Largemouth bass, fighting tarpon
Flower	Camellia, oak-leaf hydrangea
Horse breed	Racking horse
Insect	Monarch butterfly
Mammal	American black bear
Reptile	Alabama red-bellied turtle
Tree	Longleaf pine
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Conecuh Ridge Whiskey
Colors	Red, white
Dance	Square dance
Food	Pecan, blackberry, peach
Fossil	Basilosaurus
Gemstone	Star blue quartz
Mineral	Hematite
Rock	Marble
Shell	Johnstone's junonia
Slogan	Share The Wonder, Alabama the beautiful, Where America finds its voice, Sweet Home Alabama
Soil	Bama
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2003
Lists of United States state symbols

Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the "Heart of Dixie" and the "Cotton State". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery. The largest city by population is Birmingham,[8] which has long been the most industrialized city; the largest city by land area is Huntsville. The oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana.[9]

From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U.S., suffered economic hardship, in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture. Similar to other former slave states, Alabamian legislators employed Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise and otherwise discriminate against African Americans from the end of the Reconstruction Era up until at least the 1970s. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature from 1901 to the 1960s. During this time, urban interests and African Americans were markedly under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the state's economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state's economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, and technology.[10]

Alabama is the thirtieth-largest state in the United States with 52,419 square miles (135,760 km2) of total area: 3.2% of the area is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second-largest inland waterway system in the United States.[77] About three-fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general descent towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous, with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley and creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes.[78]

Alabama is bordered by the states of Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico, in the extreme southern edge of the state.[78] The state ranges in elevation from sea level[79] at Mobile Bay to over 1,800 feet (550 m) in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast.

The highest point is Mount Cheaha,[78] at a height of 2,413 ft (735 m).[80] Alabama's land consists of 22 million acres (89,000 km2) of forest or 67% of total land area.[81] Suburban Baldwin County, along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.[82]

Areas in Alabama administered by the National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Alexander City; Little River Canyon National Preserve near Fort Payne; Russell Cave National Monument in Bridgeport; Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee; and Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site near Tuskegee.[83]

Additionally, Alabama has four National Forests: Conecuh, Talladega, Tuskegee, and William B. Bankhead.[84] Alabama also contains the Natchez Trace Parkway, the Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail, and the Trail Of Tears National Historic Trail. A notable natural wonder in Alabama is "Natural Bridge" rock, the longest natural bridge east of the Rockies, located just south of Haleyville.

A 5-mile (8 km)-wide meteorite impact crater is located in Elmore County, just north of Montgomery. This is the Wetumpka crater, the site of "Alabama's greatest natural disaster." A 1,000-foot (300 m)-wide meteorite hit the area about 80 million years ago.[85] The hills just east of downtown Wetumpka showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock, with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme ("star-wound") because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface.[86] In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as the 157th recognized impact crater on Earth.[87]

The state has invested in aerospace, education, health care, banking, and various heavy industries, including automobile manufacturing, mineral extraction, steel production and fabrication. By 2006, crop and animal production in Alabama was valued at $1.5 billion. In contrast to the primarily agricultural economy of the previous century, this was only about 1% of the state's gross domestic product. The number of private farms has declined at a steady rate since the 1960s, as land has been sold to developers, timber companies, and large farming conglomerates.[160]

Non-agricultural employment in 2008 was 121,800 in management occupations; 71,750 in business and financial operations; 36,790 in computer-related and mathematical occupation; 44,200 in architecture and engineering; 12,410 in life, physical, and social sciences; 32,260 in community and social services; 12,770 in legal occupations; 116,250 in education, training, and library services; 27,840 in art, design and media occupations; 121,110 in healthcare; 44,750 in fire fighting, law enforcement, and security; 154,040 in food preparation and serving; 76,650 in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance; 53,230 in personal care and services; 244,510 in sales; 338,760 in office and administration support; 20,510 in farming, fishing, and forestry; 120,155 in construction and mining, gas, and oil extraction; 106,280 in installation, maintenance, and repair; 224,110 in production; and 167,160 in transportation and material moving.[10]

According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2008 total gross state product was $170 billion, or $29,411 per capita. Alabama's 2012 GDP increased 1.2% from the previous year. The single largest increase came in the area of information.[161] In 2010, per capita income for the state was $22,984.[162]

The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 5.8% in April 2015.[163] This compared to a nationwide seasonally adjusted rate of 5.4%.[164]

Alabama has no state minimum wage and uses the federal minimum wage of $7.25. In February 2016, the state passed legislation that prevents Alabama municipalities from raising the minimum wage in their locality. The legislation voids a Birmingham city ordinance that was to raise the city's minimum wage to $10.10.[165]

As of 2018, Alabama has the sixth highest poverty rate among states in the U.S.[166] In 2017, United Nations Special Rapporteur Philip Alston toured parts of rural Alabama and observed environmental conditions that he said were poorer than anywhere he had seen in the developed world.[167]

Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the purview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Together, 1,496 individual schools provide education for 744,637 elementary and secondary students.[219]

Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund. In FY 2006–2007, Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education. That represented an increase of $444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year. In 2007, over 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law, using measures determined by the state of Alabama.

While Alabama's public education system has improved in recent decades, it lags behind in achievement compared to other states. According to U.S. Census data (2000), Alabama's high school graduation rate—75%—is the fourth lowest in the U.S. (after Kentucky, Louisiana and Mississippi).[220] The largest educational gains were among people with some college education but without degrees.[221]

Although unusual in the West, school corporal punishment is not uncommon in Alabama, with 27,260 public school students paddled at least one time, according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year.[222][223] The rate of school corporal punishment in Alabama is surpassed only by Mississippi and Arkansas.[223]

Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities. In the state are four medical schools (as of fall 2015) (University of Alabama School of Medicine, University of South Alabama and Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine and The Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn Campus), two veterinary colleges (Auburn University and Tuskegee University), a dental school (University of Alabama School of Dentistry), an optometry college (University of Alabama at Birmingham), two pharmacy schools (Auburn University and Samford University), and five law schools (University of Alabama School of Law, Birmingham School of Law, Cumberland School of Law, Miles Law School, and the Thomas Goode Jones School of Law). Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education and the Alabama Department of Postsecondary Education. Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two-year associate degrees to a multitude of doctoral level programs.[224]

William J. Samford Hall at Auburn University in Auburn

The largest single campus is the University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa, with 37,665 enrolled for fall 2016.[225] Troy University was the largest institution in the state in 2010, with an enrollment of 29,689 students across four Alabama campuses (Troy, Dothan, Montgomery, and Phenix City), as well as sixty learning sites in seventeen other states and eleven other countries. The oldest institutions are the public University of North Alabama in Florence and the Catholic Church-affiliated Spring Hill College in Mobile, both founded in 1830.[226][227]

Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) as well as other subject-focused national and international accreditation agencies such as the Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE),[228] the Council on Occupational Education (COE),[229] and the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS).[230]

According to the 2011 U.S. News & World Report, Alabama had three universities ranked in the top 100 Public Schools in America (University of Alabama at 31, Auburn University at 36, and University of Alabama at Birmingham at 73).[231]

According to the 2012 U.S. News & World Report, Alabama had four tier 1 universities (University of Alabama, Auburn University, University of Alabama at Birmingham and University of Alabama in Huntsville).[232]

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What Is Global Management?

Global management refers to the way an organization manages its business internationally, including its sales, marketing, hiring and finance practices. Many schools offer training and degree programs in global management. Read on to learn more about responsibilities in this field of management and education programs that can prepare you to enter this career. Schools offering International Business degrees can also be found in these popular choices.

Overview of Global Management

As technology continues to connect the world, many organizations have taken advantage of the opportunity to conduct business globally. Global management combines knowledge of business, culture, history and social practices to help companies find their niches in the international business community and successfully work with other cultures.

As a global manager, you'll not only need to understand business principles, but you'll also need a firm grasp of the local customs, professional life and regional policies of the countries that your company wants to partner with. Many companies also look for managers who speak multiple languages and have experience representing more than one country, as well as those who are willing to move from one location to another.

Important Facts About Global Managers

Source: PayScale.com

Job Duties and Skills

Working as a global manager, you'll be in the unique position of managing a company's business and staff in a land that may have vastly different cultural and professional customs. In many regions, managers are needed to help companies tailor their business to the local culture. For example, as a global manager, you might need to learn the hiring practices of another country or the specific way that people communicate in the workplace to avoid potentially offending or confusing your foreign colleagues. You'll then need to train other employees in appropriate practices, such as pitching products to foreign customers in a polite manner consistent with their culture.

In order to carry out their jobs effectively, global managers need strong communication and interpersonal skills. They need to be highly sensitive to and respectful of cultural differences. Having an open mind and complex critical thinking skills is also essential.

Thunderbird School of Global Management at Arizona State University (or simply Thunderbird) is a management school located in the United States and a part of Arizona State University. The school offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, executive education programs, and MicroMasters in global management. The main campus was formerly located in Glendale, Arizona, at Thunderbird Field No. 1, a former military airfield from which it derives its name. Thunderbird relocated to a new building (at 155 E Polk Street) at Arizona State University's Downtown Phoenix Campus.

Thunderbird School of Global Management

Former name	American Institute for Foreign Trade
Established	8 April 1946; 73 years ago
Academic affiliation	Arizona State University
Dean	Dr. Sanjeev Khagram
Location	Phoenix , Arizona , United States
Campus	Urban
Colors	Thunderbird Blue, Gold and Grey
Website	thunderbird.asu.edu

Thunderbird was founded independently in 1946 by Lieutenant General Barton Kyle Yount, and was acquired by Arizona State University in 2015. As of 2018 the school had around 40,000 alumni.

In the school's early years, Thunderbird awarded two degrees, a Bachelor of Foreign Trade and a Master of Foreign Trade, although after 1975 the school no longer offered the undergraduate degree. The American Institute for Foreign Trade later changed its name to the Thunderbird Graduate School of International Management before again changing its name to the American Graduate School of International Management in the 1970s.

Thunderbird's degrees have included the Bachelor of Foreign Trade (until 1975), the Master of International Management (until 2001), an MBA in Global Management (through 2016)[citation needed], executive education programs, and MicroMasters programme. Thunderbird International Business Review is one of several journals published by the school (six times a year).

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Global Management Degrees

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The Global Management program helps current and future global managers gain the specialized skills needed to lead multicultural and multinational work forces.

The curriculum is structured with two primary goals in mind: to provide you with a broad-based understanding of the economics of international business operations, and to prepare you for managing human and material resources within various cultural, legal, and political contexts.

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