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A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in business administration or management. According to Kaplan business schools are "educational institutions that specialize in teaching courses and programs related to business and/or management". Such a school can also be known as school of management, school of business administration, or colloquially b-school or biz school. A business school teaches topics such as accounting, administration, strategy, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, human resource management, management science, management information systems, international business, logistics, marketing, organizational psychology, organizational behavior, public relations, research methods and real estate among others.

There are several forms of business schools, including a school of business, business administration, and management.

1. Most of the university business schools consist of faculties, colleges, or departments within the university, and predominantly teach business courses (e.g. Mannheim Business School).
2. In North America, a business school is often understood to be a university program that offers a graduate Master of Business Administration degrees and/or undergraduate bachelor's degrees (e.g. Harvard Business School).
3. In Europe and Asia, some universities teach predominantly business courses (e.g. Copenhagen Business School).
4. Privately owned business school which is not affiliated with any university (e.g. WHU-Otto Beisheim School of Management).

Kaplan classifies business schools along four Corners:

1. Culture (Europe - US): Independent of their actual (physical) location, business schools can be classified according to whether they follow the European or the US model.
2. Compass (international/global – regional/local): Business schools can be classified along a continuum, with international/ global schools on one end and regional/ local schools on the other.
3. Capital (public – private): Business schools can either be publicly (state) funded or privately funded, for example through endowments or tuition fees.
4. Content (teaching – research): Business school can be classified according to whether a school considers teaching or research to be its primary focus.

Some business schools structure their teaching around the use of case studies (i.e. the case method). Case studies have been used in Graduate and Undergraduate business education for nearly one hundred years. Business cases are historical descriptions of actual business situations. Typically, information is presented about a business firm's products, markets, competition, financial structure, sales volumes, management, employees and other factors influencing the firm's success. The length of a business case study may range from two or three pages to 30 pages, or more.

Students are expected to scrutinize the case study and prepare to discuss strategies and tactics that the firm should employ in the future. Three different methods have been used in business case teaching:

1. Preparing case-specific questions to be answered by the student. This is used with short cases intended for Undergraduate students. The underlying concept is that such students need specific guidance to be able to analyze case studies.
2. Problem-solving analysis is the second method initiated by the Harvard Business School which is by far the most widely used method in MBA and executive development programs. The underlying concept is that with enough practice (hundreds of case analyses) students develop intuitive skills for analyzing and resolving complex business situations. Successful implementation of this method depends heavily on the skills of the discussion leader.
3. A generally applicable strategic planning approach. This third method does not require students to analyze hundreds of cases. A strategic planning model is provided and students are instructed to apply the steps of the model to six – and up to a dozen cases – during a semester. This is sufficient to develop their ability to analyze a complex situation, generate a variety of possible strategies and to select the best ones. In effect, students learn a generally applicable approach to analyze cases studies and real situations. This approach does not make any extraordinary demands on the artistic and dramatic talents of the teacher. Consequently, most professors are capable of supervising the application of this method.

In contrast to the case method some schools use a skills-based approach in teaching business. This approach emphasizes quantitative methods, in particular operations research, management information systems, statistics, organizational behavior, modeling and simulation, and decision science. The leading institution in this method is the Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University. The goal is to provide students a set of tools that will prepare them to tackle and solve problems.

In addition to teaching students, many business schools run Executive Education programs. These may be either open programs or company-specific programs. Executives may also acquire an MBA title in an Executive MBA program within university of business or from top ranked business schools. Many business schools seek close co-operation with business.

Ontario (/ɒnˈtɛərioʊ/ (listen); French pronunciation: [ɔ̃taʁjo]) is one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada and is located in east-central Canada.[7][8] It is Canada's most populous province[9] accounting for 38.3 percent[10] of the country's population, and is the second-largest province in total area. Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included.[1] It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto,[11] which is also Ontario's provincial capital.

Ontario
Flag Coat of arms
Motto(s):  Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin) ("Loyal she began, loyal she remains")
BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU
Country	Canada
Confederation	July 1, 1867 (1st, with Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick)
Capital	Toronto
Largest city	Toronto
Largest metro	Greater Toronto Area
Government
• Type	Constitutional monarchy
• Lieutenant Governor	Elizabeth Dowdeswell
• Premier	Doug Ford (Progressive Conservative)
Legislature	Legislative Assembly of Ontario
Federal representation	(in Canadian Parliament)
House seats	121 of 338 (35.8%)
Senate seats	24 of 105 (22.9%)
Area [1]
• Total	1,076,395 km2 (415,598 sq mi)
• Land	917,741 km2 (354,342 sq mi)
• Water	158,654 km2 (61,257 sq mi)  14.7%
Area rank	Ranked 4th
	10.8% of Canada
Population (2016)
• Total	13,448,494 [2]
• Estimate  (2019 Q1)	14,446,515 [3]
• Rank	Ranked 1st
• Density	14.65/km2 (37.9/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Ontarian[4]
Official languages	English[5]
GDP
• Rank	1st
• Total (2015)	C$763.276 billion[6]
• Per capita	C$55,322 (7th)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC −5/−4 (east of 90th meridian west) Eastern: UTC −5 (Atikokan and Pickle Lake, no DST) Central: UTC −6/−5 (west of 90th meridian west, ex. Atikokan and Pickle Lake)
Postal abbr.	ON
Postal code prefix	K L M N P
ISO 3166 code	CA-ON
Flower	White Trillium
Tree	Eastern White Pine
Bird	Common loon
Website	www.ontario.ca
Rankings include all provinces and territories

Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west, Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north, and Quebec to the east and northeast, and to the south by the U.S. states of (from west to east) Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Almost all of Ontario's 2,700 km (1,678 mi) border with the United States follows inland waterways: from the west at Lake of the Woods, eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system. These are the Rainy River, the Pigeon River, Lake Superior, the St. Marys River, Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, Lake Erie, the Niagara River, Lake Ontario and along the St. Lawrence River from Kingston, Ontario, to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall, Ontario. There is only about 1 km (0.6 mi) of land border made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border.[12]

Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontario's population and arable land is in the south. In contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation.

Ontario is Canada's leading manufacturing province, accounting for 52% of the total national manufacturing shipments in 2004.[55] Ontario's largest trading partner is the American state of Michigan. As of April 2012, Moody's bond-rating agency rated Ontario debt at AA2/stable,[56] while S&P rated it AA-.[57] Dominion Bond Rating Service rated it AA(low) in January 2013.[58] Long known as a bastion of Canadian manufacturing and financial solvency, Ontario's public debt-to-GDP ratio is projected to be 37.2% in fiscal year 2019–2020, compared to 26% in 2007–2008.[59]

Ontario's rivers make it rich in hydroelectric energy.[60] In 2009, Ontario Power Generation generated 70 percent of the electricity of the province, of which 51 percent is nuclear, 39% is hydroelectric and 10% is fossil-fuel derived.[61] By 2025, nuclear power is projected to supply 42%, while fossil-fuel-derived generation is projected to decrease slightly over the next 20 years.[62] Much of the newer power generation coming online in the last few years is natural gas or combined-cycle natural gas plants. OPG is not, however, responsible for the transmission of power, which is under the control of Hydro One. Despite its diverse range of power options, problems related to increasing consumption, lack of energy efficiency and aging nuclear reactors, Ontario has been forced in recent years to purchase power from its neighbours Quebec and Michigan to supplement its power needs during peak consumption periods. Ontario's basic domestic rate in 2010 was 11.17 cents per kWH; by contrast. Quebec's was 6.81.[63] In December 2013, the government projected a 42 percent hike by 2018, and 68 percent by 2033.[62] Industrial rates are projected to rise by 33% by 2018, and 55% in 2033.[62]

An abundance of natural resources, excellent transportation links to the American heartland and the inland Great Lakes making ocean access possible via container ships, have all contributed to making manufacturing the principal industry of the province, found mainly in the Golden Horseshoe region, which is the largest industrialized area in Canada, the southern end of the region being part of the North American Rust Belt. Important products include motor vehicles, iron, steel, food, electrical appliances, machinery, chemicals, and paper.

Ontario surpassed Michigan in car production, assembling 2.696 million vehicles in 2004. Ontario has Chrysler plants in Windsor and Bramalea, two GM plants in Oshawa and one in Ingersoll, a Honda assembly plant in Alliston, Ford plants in Oakville and St. Thomas and Toyota assembly plants in Cambridge and Woodstock. However, as a result of steeply declining sales, in 2005, General Motors announced massive layoffs at production facilities across North America including two large GM plants in Oshawa and a drive train facility in St. Catharines resulting in 8,000 job losses in Ontario alone. In 2006, Ford Motor Company announced between 25,000 and 30,000 layoffs phased until 2012; Ontario was spared the worst, but job losses were announced for the St Thomas facility and the Windsor Casting plant. However, these losses will be offset by Ford's recent announcement of a hybrid vehicle facility slated to begin production in 2007 at its Oakville plant and GM's re-introduction of the Camaro which will be produced in Oshawa. On December 4, 2008 Toyota announced the grand opening of the RAV4 plant in Woodstock,[64] and Honda also has plans to add an engine plant at its facility in Alliston. Despite these new plants coming online, Ontario has not yet fully recovered following massive layoffs caused by the global recession; its unemployment rate was 7.3% in May 2013,[65] compared to 8.7 percent in January 2010[66] and approximately 6% in 2007. In September 2013, the Ontario government committed CAD$70.9 million to the Ford plant in Oakville, while the federal government committed CAD$71.1mn, to secure 2,800 jobs.[67] The province has lost 300,000 manufacturing jobs in the decade from 2003, and the Bank of Canada noted that "while the energy and mining industries have benefitted from these movements, the pressure on the manufacturing sector has intensified, since many firms in this sector were already dealing with growing competition from low-cost economies such as China."[68][69]

Ontario's steel industry once centred on Hamilton. Hamilton harbour, which can be seen as one drives the QEW Skyway bridge, is an industrial wasteland; U.S. Steel-owned Stelco announced in the autumn of 2013 that it would close in 2014, with the loss of 875 jobs. The move flummoxed a union representative, who seemed puzzled why a plant with capacity of 2 million tons per annum would be shut while Canada imported 8 million tons of steel the year before.[70] Algoma Steel maintains a plant in Sault Ste Marie.

View of Toronto's Financial District

Toronto, the capital of Ontario, is the centre of Canada's financial services and banking industry. Neighbouring cities are home to product distribution, IT centres, and various manufacturing industries. Canada's Federal Government is the largest single employer in the National Capital Region, which centres on the border cities of Ontario's Ottawa and Quebec's Gatineau.[71][72]

Parliament Hill in Ottawa, home of the federal government. Canada's Federal Government is the largest single employer in the National Capital Region

The information technology sector is important, particularly in the Silicon Valley North section of Ottawa, as well as the Waterloo Region, where the world headquarters of Research in Motion (the developers of the BlackBerry smartphone) is located. BlackBerry once provided more than 19 percent of the local jobs and employed more than 13% of the entire local population[citation needed] before it supplied 9,500 layoffs in 2013. OpenText and ATS Automation Tooling Systems of Cambridge make their homes in the area too. Mike Lazaridis, one of the founders of RIM, founded in 1999 the Perimeter Institute, then in 2002 the Institute for Quantum Computing, then in 2013 Quantum Valley Investments, to plow a portion of the benefits of RIM back into research and development.[73]

In 2014, the section of Highway 401 between Toronto and Waterloo became the world's second-largest innovation corridor after California's Silicon Valley, employing nearly 280,000 tech workers from around the world and containing over 60% of Canada's high tech industry.[74]

Hamilton is the largest steel manufacturing city in Canada followed closely by Sault Ste. Marie, and Sarnia is the centre for petrochemical production. Construction employed more than 6.5% of the province's work force in June 2011.[75]

Mining and the forest products industry, notably pulp and paper, are vital to the economy of Northern Ontario. There has been controversy over the Ring of Fire mineral deposit, and whether the province can afford to spend CAD$2.25 billion on a road from the Trans-Canada Highway near Kenora to the deposit, currently valued at CAD$60 billions.[76]

Tourism contributes heavily to the economy of Central Ontario, peaking during the summer months owing to the abundance of fresh water recreation and wilderness found there in reasonable proximity to the major urban centres. At other times of the year, hunting, skiing and snowmobiling are popular. This region has some of the most vibrant fall colour displays anywhere on the continent, and tours directed at overseas visitors are organized to see them. Tourism also plays a key role in border cities with large casinos, among them Windsor, Cornwall, Sarnia and Niagara Falls, the latter of which attracts millions of US and other international visitors.[77]

In Canada, education falls under provincial jurisdiction. Publicly funded elementary and secondary schools are administered by the Ontario Ministry of Education, while colleges and universities are administered by the Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities. The Minister of Education is Lisa Thompson, and the Minister of Training, Colleges and Universities is Merrilee Fullerton.

Higher education in Ontario includes postsecondary education and skills training regulated by the Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities and provided by universities, colleges of applied arts and technology, and private career colleges.[88] The minister is Reza Moridi. The ministry administers laws covering 22 public universities,[89] 24 public colleges (21 Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATs) and three Institutes of Technology and Advanced Learning (ITALs)),[90] 17 privately funded religious universities,[91] and over 500 private career colleges.[92] The Canadian constitution provides each province with the responsibility for higher education and there is no corresponding national federal ministry of higher education.[93] Within Canadian federalism the division of responsibilities and taxing powers between the Ontario and Canadian governments creates the need for co-operation to fund and deliver higher education to students. Each higher education system aims to improve participation, access, and mobility for students. There are two central organizations that assist with the process of applying to Ontario universities and colleges: the Ontario Universities' Application Centre and Ontario College Application Service. While application services are centralized, admission and selection processes vary and are the purview of each institution independently. Admission to many Ontario postsecondary institutions can be highly competitive. Upon admission, students may get involved with regional student representation with the Canadian Federation of Students, the Canadian Alliance of Student Associations, the Ontario Undergraduate Student Alliance, or through the College Student Alliance in Ontario.

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What Is Global Management?

Global management refers to the way an organization manages its business internationally, including its sales, marketing, hiring and finance practices. Many schools offer training and degree programs in global management. Read on to learn more about responsibilities in this field of management and education programs that can prepare you to enter this career. Schools offering International Business degrees can also be found in these popular choices.

Overview of Global Management

As technology continues to connect the world, many organizations have taken advantage of the opportunity to conduct business globally. Global management combines knowledge of business, culture, history and social practices to help companies find their niches in the international business community and successfully work with other cultures.

As a global manager, you'll not only need to understand business principles, but you'll also need a firm grasp of the local customs, professional life and regional policies of the countries that your company wants to partner with. Many companies also look for managers who speak multiple languages and have experience representing more than one country, as well as those who are willing to move from one location to another.

Important Facts About Global Managers

Source: PayScale.com

Job Duties and Skills

Working as a global manager, you'll be in the unique position of managing a company's business and staff in a land that may have vastly different cultural and professional customs. In many regions, managers are needed to help companies tailor their business to the local culture. For example, as a global manager, you might need to learn the hiring practices of another country or the specific way that people communicate in the workplace to avoid potentially offending or confusing your foreign colleagues. You'll then need to train other employees in appropriate practices, such as pitching products to foreign customers in a polite manner consistent with their culture.

In order to carry out their jobs effectively, global managers need strong communication and interpersonal skills. They need to be highly sensitive to and respectful of cultural differences. Having an open mind and complex critical thinking skills is also essential.

Thunderbird School of Global Management at Arizona State University (or simply Thunderbird) is a management school located in the United States and a part of Arizona State University. The school offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, executive education programs, and MicroMasters in global management. The main campus was formerly located in Glendale, Arizona, at Thunderbird Field No. 1, a former military airfield from which it derives its name. Thunderbird relocated to a new building (at 155 E Polk Street) at Arizona State University's Downtown Phoenix Campus.

Thunderbird School of Global Management

Former name	American Institute for Foreign Trade
Established	8 April 1946; 73 years ago
Academic affiliation	Arizona State University
Dean	Dr. Sanjeev Khagram
Location	Phoenix , Arizona , United States
Campus	Urban
Colors	Thunderbird Blue, Gold and Grey
Website	thunderbird.asu.edu

Thunderbird was founded independently in 1946 by Lieutenant General Barton Kyle Yount, and was acquired by Arizona State University in 2015. As of 2018 the school had around 40,000 alumni.

In the school's early years, Thunderbird awarded two degrees, a Bachelor of Foreign Trade and a Master of Foreign Trade, although after 1975 the school no longer offered the undergraduate degree. The American Institute for Foreign Trade later changed its name to the Thunderbird Graduate School of International Management before again changing its name to the American Graduate School of International Management in the 1970s.

Thunderbird's degrees have included the Bachelor of Foreign Trade (until 1975), the Master of International Management (until 2001), an MBA in Global Management (through 2016)[citation needed], executive education programs, and MicroMasters programme. Thunderbird International Business Review is one of several journals published by the school (six times a year).

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Global Management Degrees

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The Global Management program helps current and future global managers gain the specialized skills needed to lead multicultural and multinational work forces.

The curriculum is structured with two primary goals in mind: to provide you with a broad-based understanding of the economics of international business operations, and to prepare you for managing human and material resources within various cultural, legal, and political contexts.

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