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In an academic context, the Association for Computing Machinery defines IT as "undergraduate degree programs that prepare students to meet the computer technology needs of business, government, healthcare, schools, and other kinds of organizations .... IT specialists assume responsibility for selecting hardware and software products appropriate for an organization, integrating those products with organizational needs and infrastructure, and installing, customizing, and maintaining those applications for the organization’s computer users."

In a business context, the Information Technology Association of America has defined information technology as "the study, design, development, application, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems". The responsibilities of those working in the field include network administration, software development and installation, and the planning and management of an organization's technology life cycle, by which hardware and software are maintained, upgraded and replaced.

The business value of information technology lies in the automation of business processes, provision of information for decision making, connecting businesses with their customers, and the provision of productivity tools to increase efficiency.

Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data,[1] or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered to be a subset of information and communications technology (ICT). An information technology system (IT system) is generally an information system, a communications system or, more specifically speaking, a computer system – including all hardware, software and peripheral equipment – operated by a limited group of users.

Information systems (IS) are formal, sociotechnical, organizational systems designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information. In a sociotechnical perspective, information systems are composed by four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and technology.

A computer information system is a system composed of people and computers that processes or interprets information. The term is also sometimes used in more restricted senses to refer to only the software used to run a computerized database or to refer to only a computer system.

Information Systems is an academic study of systems with a specific reference to information and the complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also distribute data. An emphasis is placed on an information system having a definitive boundary, users, processors, storage, inputs, outputs and the aforementioned communication networks.

Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and decision-making. An information system is the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, and also the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.

Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.

Alter argues for advantages of viewing an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans or machines perform processes and activities using resources to produce specific products or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities are devoted to capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying information.

As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision making and action.

Information systems are the primary focus of study for organizational informatics.

Virginia (/vərˈdʒɪniə/ (listen)), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern[5] and Mid-Atlantic[6] regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" due to its status as the first English colonial possession established in mainland North America[7] and "Mother of Presidents" because eight U.S. presidents were born there, more than any other state. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's estimated population as of 2018 is over 8.5 million.[8]

The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution. In the American Civil War, Virginia's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy, and Virginia's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union; that led to the creation of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.[9]

The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World.[10] The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008.[11] It is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginia's economy has many sectors: agriculture in the Shenandoah Valley; federal agencies in Northern Virginia, including the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); and military facilities in Hampton Roads, the site of the region's main seaport.

Commonwealth of Virginia
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): "Old Dominion", "Mother of Presidents and the Mother of Statesmen"
Motto(s): Sic semper tyrannis (English: Thus Always to Tyrants)[1]
State song(s): "Our Great Virginia"
Official language	English
Spoken languages	English 86%, Spanish 6% Other 8%
Demonym	Virginian
Capital	Richmond
Largest city	Virginia Beach
Largest metro	Baltimore-Washington Metro Area
Area	Ranked 35th
• Total	42,774.2 sq mi (110,785.67 km2)
• Width	200 miles (320 km)
• Length	430 miles (690 km)
• % water	7.4
• Latitude	36° 32′ N to 39° 28′ N
• Longitude	75° 15′ W to 83° 41′ W
Population	Ranked 12th
• Total	8,517,685 (2018)
• Density	206.7/sq mi  (79.8/km2) Ranked 14th
• Median household income	$71,535[2] (10th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Mount Rogers[3][4] 5,729 ft (1746 m)
• Mean	950 ft  (290 m)
• Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean[3] Sea level
Before statehood	Colony of Virginia
Admitted to the Union	June 25, 1788 (10th)
Governor	Ralph Northam (D)
Lieutenant Governor	Justin Fairfax (D)
Legislature	General Assembly
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Delegates
U.S. Senators	Mark Warner (D) Tim Kaine (D)
U.S. House delegation	7 Democrats 4 Republicans (list)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC −5/−4
ISO 3166	US-VA
Abbreviations	VA, Va.
Website	www.virginia.gov

Virginia is an employment-at-will state;[160] its economy has diverse sources of income, including local and federal government, military, farming and business. Virginia has 4.1 million civilian workers, and one-third of the jobs are in the service sector.[161][162] The unemployment rate in Virginia as of 2018 is 2.9%, which is below the national average.[163] The second fastest job growth town in the nation is Leesburg, as of 2011.[164] The Gross Domestic Product of Virginia was over $510 billion in 2017.[165] According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Virginia had the most counties in the top 100 wealthiest in the United States at sixteen counties based upon median income in 2007.[166] Northern Virginia is the highest-income region in Virginia, having six of the twenty highest-income counties in the United States, including the two highest as of 2008.[167] According to CNN Money Magazine the highest-income town in the nation is Great Falls, as of 2011.[168] According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Virginia had the seventh-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.64%.[169]

Virginia's educational system consistently ranks in the top five states on the U.S. Department of Education's National Assessment of Educational Progress, with Virginia students outperforming the average in all subject areas and grade levels tested.[236] The 2018 Quality Counts report ranked Virginia's K–12 education tenth best in the country.[237] All school divisions must adhere to educational standards set forth by the Virginia Department of Education, which maintains an assessment and accreditation regime known as the Standards of Learning to ensure accountability.[238] In 2018, 91.6% of high school students graduated on-time after four years, and increase of two percent from 2013.[239]

Public K–12 schools in Virginia are generally operated by the counties and cities, and not by the state. As off the 2018–19 academic year, a total of 1,290,576 students were enrolled in 2,293 local and regional schools in the Commonwealth, including eight charter schools, and an additional 98 alternative and special education centers across 133 school divisions.[240][241] 2018 marked the first decline in overall enrollment in public schools, by just over 2,000 students, since 1984.[242] Besides the general public schools in Virginia, there are Governor's Schools and selective magnet schools. The Governor's Schools are a collection of more than 40 regional high schools and summer programs intended for gifted students.[243] The Virginia Council for Private Education oversees the regulation of 483 state accredited private schools.[244] An additional 17,283 students receive homeschooling.[245]

As of 2019, there are 169 colleges and universities in Virginia.[246] In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report ranking of national public universities, the University of Virginia is ranked No. 3, the College of William and Mary is No. 10, Virginia Tech is No. 30, George Mason University is No. 67, and Virginia Commonwealth University is No. 80.[247] Virginia Commonwealth is also ranked the No. 2 public graduate school in fine arts, while James Madison University is ranked the No. 6 regional university in The South.[248][249] The Virginia Military Institute is the oldest state military college.[250] Virginia State University and Virginia Tech are the state's land-grant universities. Virginia also operates 23 community colleges on 40 campuses serving over 225,000 credit students and around 175,000 non-credit students as of 2017.[251] There are 124 private institutions in the state, including nationally ranked liberal arts colleges Washington and Lee University at No. 11, the University of Richmond at No. 25, and the Virginia Military Institute at No. 81.[246][252] As of 2018, Liberty University had the largest enrollment, with 88,283 online students and 15,105 on-campus students in Lynchburg.[253]

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