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In the United States, a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education. These certificates usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge about a certain vocational or professional subject. Certificate programs can be completed more quickly than associate degrees and often do not have general education requirements. Undergraduate certificates represent completion of a specific program offered in coordination with a bachelors degree. Graduate certificates represent completion of studies beyond the bachelor's degree, yet short of a masters degree.

In the State of Maryland, a Certificate of Merit was, until recently, issued to graduating high-school seniors who met certain academic requirements (such as completion of advanced courses and a cumulative GPA of 3.00); the statewide certificate has since been replaced by "endorsements" defined by each local school system.[3]

It also may be awarded as a necessary certification to validate that a student is considered competent in a certain specific networking skill area in information technology. Thus a computer engineer or computer science graduation most likely will have to obtain additional certificates on and pertaining to the specific technologies or equipment used by the hiring corporation; if not, such employer may suffer unwanted penalties like foregoing (voiding the contract) the protections of a certain level of customer service or warranties.

A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies. Most certifications are time-limited; some expire after a period of time (e.g., the lifetime of a product that required certification for use), while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met. Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up-to-date on advancements in the field, evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits (CECs), or continuing education units (CEUs), from approved professional development courses.

Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations, trade organizations, or private vendors interested in raising industry standards. Certificate programs are often created or endorsed by professional associations, but are typically completely independent from membership organizations. Certifications are very common in fields such as aviation, construction, technology, environment, and other industrial sectors, as well as healthcare, business, real estate, and finance.

According to The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997) by Phillip Barnhart, "certifications are portable, since they do not depend on one company's definition of a certain job" and they provide protential employers with "an impartial, third-party endorsement of an individual's professional knowledge and experience".[1]

Certification is different from professional licensure. In the United States, licenses are typically issued by state agencies, whereas certifications are usually awarded by professional societies or educational institutes. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. In other countries, licenses are typically granted by professional societies or universities and require a certificate after about three to five years and so on thereafter. The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than that of licensure, though sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same, despite differing in terms of legal status.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines the standard for being a certifying agency as meeting the following two requirements:

1. Delivering an assessment based on industry knowledge that is independent from training courses or course providers
2. Granting a time-limited credential to anyone who meets the assessment standards

The Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) is a U.S.-based organization that sets standards for the accreditation of personnel certification and certificate programs based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, a joint publication of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Many members of the Association of Test Publishers (ATP) are also certification organizations.

• Phillip Barnhart, The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997), HRD Press. ISBN 0-8493-9960-2 Retrieved electronically 7 July 2009.

• Master of Professional Studies in Real Estate. "Advanced Professional Certificate in Real Estate | Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies". Scs.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

• "Certificate Programs". lesley.edu.

Electronic system level (ESL) design and verification is an electronic design methodology, focused on higher abstraction level concerns. The term Electronic System Level or ESL Design was first defined by Gartner Dataquest, an EDA-industry-analysis firm, on February 1, 2001. It is defined in ESL Design and Verification as: "the utilization of appropriate abstractions in order to increase comprehension about a system, and to enhance the probability of a successful implementation of functionality in a cost-effective manner."

The basic premise is to model the behavior of the entire system using a high-level language such as C, C++, or using graphical "model-based" design tools. Newer languages are emerging that enable the creation of a model at a higher level of abstraction including general purpose system design languages like SysML as well as those that are specific to embedded system design like SMDL and SSDL. Rapid and correct-by-construction implementation of the system can be automated using EDA tools such as high-level synthesis and embedded software tools, although much of it is performed manually today. ESL can also be accomplished through the use of SystemC as an abstract modeling language.

Electronic System Level is an established approach at many of the world’s leading System-on-a-chip (SoC) design companies, and is being used increasingly in system design. From its genesis as an algorithm modeling methodology with ‘no links to implementation’, ESL is evolving into a set of complementary methodologies that enable embedded system design, verification, and debugging through to the hardware and software implementation of custom SoC, system-on-FPGA, system-on board, and entire multi-board systems.

Design and verification are two distinct disciplines within this methodology. Some practices are to keep the two elements separate, while others advocate for closer integration between design and verification.

Colorado (/ˌkɒləˈrædoʊ, -ˈrɑːdoʊ/ (listen), other variants)[8][9][10] is a state of the Western United States encompassing most of the southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. It is the 8th most extensive and 21st most populous U.S. state. The estimated population of Colorado was 5,695,564 on July 1, 2018, an increase of 13.25% since the 2010 United States Census.[11]

State of Colorado
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Centennial State, Colo
Motto(s): Nil sine numine (English: Nothing without providence)
State song(s): "Where the Columbines Grow" and "Rocky Mountain High[1]"
Official language	English
Demonym	Coloradan
Capital (and largest city)	Denver
Largest metro	Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO MSA
Area	Ranked 8th
• Total	104,094 sq mi (269,837 km2)
• Width	280 miles (450 km)
• Length	380 miles (610 km)
• % water	0.36%
• Latitude	37°N to 41°N
• Longitude	102°02'48"W to 109°02'48"W
Population	Ranked 21st
• Total	5,695,564 (2018)
• Density	52.0/sq mi  (19.9/km2) Ranked 37th
• Median household income	$69,117[2] (12th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Mount Elbert[3][4][5][6] in Lake County 14,440 ft (4401.2 m)
• Mean	6,800 ft  (2070 m)
• Lowest point	Arikaree River[4][5] at the Kansas border 3,317 ft (1011 m)
Admitted to the Union	August 1, 1876[7] (38th)
Governor	Jared Polis (D)
Lieutenant Governor	Dianne Primavera (D)
Legislature	General Assembly
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	Michael Bennet (D) Cory Gardner (R)
U.S. House delegation	4 Democrats 3 Republicans (list)
Time zone	Mountain Time Zone: UTC−7/UTC−6
ISO 3166	US-CO
Abbreviations	CO
Website	www.colorado.gov

Colorado state symbols
The Flag of Colorado
The Seal of Colorado
Living insignia
Amphibian	Western tiger salamander Ambystoma mavortium
Bird	Lark bunting Calamospiza melanocoryus
Cactus	Claret cup cactus Echinocereus triglochidiatus
Fish	Greenback cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki somias
Flower	Rocky Mountain columbine Aquilegia coerulea
Grass	Blue grama grass Bouteloua gracilis
Insect	Colorado Hairstreak Hypaurotis crysalus
Mammal	Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis
Pet	Colorado shelter pets Canis lupus familiaris and Felis catus
Reptile	Western painted turtle Chrysemys picta bellii
Tree	Colorado blue spruce Picea pungens
Inanimate insignia
Colors	Blue, Red, Yellow, White
Dinosaur	Stegosaurus
Folk dance	Square dance Chorea quadra
Fossil	Stegosaurus Stegosaurus armatus
Gemstone	Aquamarine
Mineral	Rhodochrosite
Rock	Yule Marble
Ship	USS Colorado (SSN-788)
Slogan	Colorful Colorado
Soil	Seitz
Sport	Pack burro racing
Tartan	Colorado State Tartan
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2006
Lists of United States state symbols

The state was named for the Colorado River, which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28, 1861,[12] and on August 1, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed Proclamation 230 admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state.[7] Colorado is nicknamed the "Centennial State" because it became a state one century after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence.

Colorado is bordered by Wyoming to the north, Nebraska to the northeast, Kansas to the east, Oklahoma to the southeast, New Mexico to the south, Utah to the west, and touches Arizona to the southwest at the Four Corners. Colorado is noted for its vivid landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers and desert lands. Colorado is part of the western and southwestern United States, and is one of the Mountain States.

Denver is the capital and most populous city of Colorado. Residents of the state are known as Coloradans, although the antiquated term "Coloradoan" is occasionally used.[13][14]

CNBC's list of "Top States for Business for 2010" has recognized Colorado as the third-best state in the nation, falling short to only Texas and Virginia.[108]

Corn growing in Larimer County

The total state product in 2015 was $318,600 million.[109] Median Annual Household Income in 2016 was $70,666, 8th in the nation.[110] Per capita personal income in 2010 was $51 940, ranking Colorado 11th in the nation.[111] The state's economy broadened from its mid-19th-century roots in mining when irrigated agriculture developed, and by the late 19th century, raising livestock had become important. Early industry was based on the extraction and processing of minerals and agricultural products. Current agricultural products are cattle, wheat, dairy products, corn, and hay.

The federal government is also a major economic force in the state with many important federal facilities including NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command), United States Air Force Academy, Schriever Air Force Base located approximately 10 miles (16 kilometers) east of Peterson Air Force Base, and Fort Carson, both located in Colorado Springs within El Paso County; NOAA, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder; U.S. Geological Survey and other government agencies at the Denver Federal Center near Lakewood; the Denver Mint, Buckley Air Force Base, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, and the Byron G. Rogers Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Denver; and a federal Supermax Prison and other federal prisons near Cañon City. In addition to these and other federal agencies, Colorado has abundant National Forest land and four National Parks that contribute to federal ownership of 24,615,788 acres (99,617 km2) of land in Colorado, or 37% of the total area of the state.[112] In the second half of the 20th century, the industrial and service sectors have expanded greatly. The state's economy is diversified, and is notable for its concentration of scientific research and high-technology industries. Other industries include food processing, transportation equipment, machinery, chemical products, the extraction of metals such as gold (see Gold mining in Colorado), silver, and molybdenum. Colorado now also has the largest annual production of beer of any state.[113] Denver is an important financial center.

A number of nationally known brand names have originated in Colorado factories and laboratories. From Denver came the forerunner of telecommunications giant Qwest in 1879, Samsonite luggage in 1910, Gates belts and hoses in 1911, and Russell Stover Candies in 1923. Kuner canned vegetables began in Brighton in 1864. From Golden came Coors beer in 1873, CoorsTek industrial ceramics in 1920, and Jolly Rancher candy in 1949. CF&I railroad rails, wire, nails, and pipe debuted in Pueblo in 1892. Holly Sugar was first milled from beets in Holly in 1905, and later moved its headquarters to Colorado Springs. The present-day Swift packed meat of Greeley evolved from Monfort of Colorado, Inc., established in 1930. Estes model rockets were launched in Penrose in 1958. Fort Collins has been the home of Woodward Governor Company's motor controllers (governors) since 1870, and Waterpik dental water jets and showerheads since 1962. Celestial Seasonings herbal teas have been made in Boulder since 1969. Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory made its first candy in Durango in 1981.

Colorado has a flat 4.63% income tax, regardless of income level. Unlike most states, which calculate taxes based on federal adjusted gross income, Colorado taxes are based on taxable income—income after federal exemptions and federal itemized (or standard) deductions.[114][115] Colorado's state sales tax is 2.9% on retail sales. When state revenues exceed state constitutional limits, according to Colorado's Taxpayer Bill of Rights legislation, full-year Colorado residents can claim a sales tax refund on their individual state income tax return. Many counties and cities charge their own rates, in addition to the base state rate. There are also certain county and special district taxes that may apply.

Real estate and personal business property are taxable in Colorado. The state's senior property tax exemption was temporarily suspended by the Colorado Legislature in 2003. The tax break was scheduled to return for assessment year 2006, payable in 2007.

As of December 2018, the state's unemployment rate was 4.2%.[116]

Colleges and universities in Colorado:

• Adams State University
• Aims Community College
• Arapahoe Community College
• Art Institute of Colorado
• Belleview Christian College & Bible Seminary
• Colorado Christian University
• Colorado College
• Colorado Mesa University
• Colorado Mountain College
• Colorado Northwestern Community College
• Colorado School of Mines
• Colorado State University System
  • Colorado State University
  • Colorado State University-Pueblo
  • CSU–Global Campus
• Colorado Technical University
• Community College of Aurora
• Community College of Denver
• Denver Seminary
• DeVry University
• Emily Griffith Opportunity School
• Ecotech Institute
• Fort Lewis College
• Front Range Community College
• Iliff School of Theology
• Johnson & Wales University
• Lamar Community College
• Metropolitan State University of Denver
• Morgan Community College
• Naropa University
• Nazarene Bible College
• Northeastern Junior College
• Otero Junior College
• Pikes Peak Community College
• Pueblo Community College
• Red Rocks Community College
• Regis University
• Rocky Mountain College of Art and Design
• Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine
• Trinidad State Junior College
• United States Air Force Academy
• University of Colorado System
  • University of Colorado Boulder
  • University of Colorado Colorado Springs
  • University of Colorado Denver
    • Anschutz Medical Campus
    • Auraria Campus
• University of Denver
• University of Northern Colorado
• Western Colorado University[133]

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• Early explorers identified the Gunnison River in Colorado as the headwaters of the Colorado River. The Grand River in Colorado was later tentatively identified as the primary headwaters of the river. Finally in 1916, E.C. LaRue, the Chief Hydrologist of the United States Geological Survey, identified the Green River in southwestern Wyoming as the proper headwaters of the actual, overall Colorado River.

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• Several Air Force teams participate in other conferences, or as independents, in sports that the MW does not sponsor:
  • Boxing, a men-only sport which is not sanctioned by the NCAA, competes as an independent.
  • Fencing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, also competes as an independent.
  • Men's and women's gymnastics both compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.
  • Men's ice hockey competes in Atlantic Hockey.
  • Men's lacrosse competes in the Southern Conference.
  • Rifle, which at Air Force is a coeducational sport, competes in the Patriot Rifle Conference.
  • Men's soccer and women's swimming & diving compete in the Western Athletic Conference.
  • Wrestling, a men-only sport, competes in the Big 12 Conference.

• Several Colorado teams participate in other conferences in sports that the Pac-12 does not sponsor:
  • Men's and women's indoor track & field compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.
  • Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association.

• Several Denver teams participate in other conferences in sports that The Summit League does not sponsor:
  • Women's gymnastics competes in the Big 12 Conference.
  • Men's ice hockey competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference.
  • Men's and women's lacrosse compete in the Big East Conference.
  • Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association.

• Several Northern Colorado teams participate in other conferences in sports that the Big Sky does not sponsor:
  • Baseball (a men-only sport) and women's swimming & diving compete in the Western Athletic Conference.
  • Wrestling, a men-only sport, competes in the Big 12 Conference.

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• The United States Office of Management and Budget defines a combined statistical area (CSA) as an aggregate of adjacent Core Based Statistical Areas that are linked by commuting ties.

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• The United States Office of Management and Budget defines a Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA) as a Core Based Statistical Area having at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured by commuting ties.

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• Managed by the United States Department of Agriculture, National Forest Service.

• Jointly managed by the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management and the United States Department of Agriculture, National Forest Service.

• Managed by the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.

        School Description

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/ES	Computer Engineering Technology (CET)
School: DeVry University Program: Computer engineering technologists take a hands-on approach to designing and implementing computer systems or other digital subsystems, software and interfaces to link computers to other physical systems. They design software systems, create codes and protocols, test and evaluate hardware and software products and processes, and diagnose and solve problems. Computers and networks are leading technologies driving engineering job markets; thus, graduates with competencies in software development as well as sound knowledge of hardware and engineering processes are in high demand. To this end, DeVry's Computer Engineering Technology (CET) program integrates coursework in hardware and software technologies crucial to professional success. Graduates are proficient in creating programs that involve development, modification and application of software codes and protocols. * In New York, Computer Technology :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Denver, CO ::  more info

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CA/ES	Electronics Engineering Technology (EET)
School: DeVry University Program: Electronics specialists are at the heart of rapidly evolving technology, applying their expertise in diverse areas such as semiconductor chip manufacturing, telecommunications, wireless, computer networking, the internet, transportation, entertainment, medicine and space exploration. Global competition and the unparalleled speed at which new products are developed have greatly increased the need for highly productive and adaptive engineering technologists. The EE program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and science, analysis and design of electrical and electronic circuits and systems, digital and microprocessor systems, electronic communications and controls, computer programming, and senior project design and development. ** In New York, Electronics Technology :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Denver, CO ::  more info

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electronic systems

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Electronics specialists are at the heart of rapidly evolving technology, applying their expertise in diverse areas such as semiconductor chip manufacturing, telecommunications, wireless, computer networking, the internet, transportation, entertainment, medicine and space exploration. Global competition and the unparalleled speed at which new products are developed have greatly increased the need for highly productive and adaptive engineering technologists.

The EE program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and science, analysis and design of electrical and electronic circuits and systems, digital and microprocessor systems, electronic communications and controls, computer programming, and senior project design and development.

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