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In the United States, a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education. These certificates usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge about a certain vocational or professional subject. Certificate programs can be completed more quickly than associate degrees and often do not have general education requirements. Undergraduate certificates represent completion of a specific program offered in coordination with a bachelors degree. Graduate certificates represent completion of studies beyond the bachelor's degree, yet short of a masters degree.

In the State of Maryland, a Certificate of Merit was, until recently, issued to graduating high-school seniors who met certain academic requirements (such as completion of advanced courses and a cumulative GPA of 3.00); the statewide certificate has since been replaced by "endorsements" defined by each local school system.[3]

It also may be awarded as a necessary certification to validate that a student is considered competent in a certain specific networking skill area in information technology. Thus a computer engineer or computer science graduation most likely will have to obtain additional certificates on and pertaining to the specific technologies or equipment used by the hiring corporation; if not, such employer may suffer unwanted penalties like foregoing (voiding the contract) the protections of a certain level of customer service or warranties.

A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies. Most certifications are time-limited; some expire after a period of time (e.g., the lifetime of a product that required certification for use), while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met. Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up-to-date on advancements in the field, evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits (CECs), or continuing education units (CEUs), from approved professional development courses.

Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations, trade organizations, or private vendors interested in raising industry standards. Certificate programs are often created or endorsed by professional associations, but are typically completely independent from membership organizations. Certifications are very common in fields such as aviation, construction, technology, environment, and other industrial sectors, as well as healthcare, business, real estate, and finance.

According to The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997) by Phillip Barnhart, "certifications are portable, since they do not depend on one company's definition of a certain job" and they provide protential employers with "an impartial, third-party endorsement of an individual's professional knowledge and experience".[1]

Certification is different from professional licensure. In the United States, licenses are typically issued by state agencies, whereas certifications are usually awarded by professional societies or educational institutes. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. In other countries, licenses are typically granted by professional societies or universities and require a certificate after about three to five years and so on thereafter. The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than that of licensure, though sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same, despite differing in terms of legal status.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines the standard for being a certifying agency as meeting the following two requirements:

1. Delivering an assessment based on industry knowledge that is independent from training courses or course providers
2. Granting a time-limited credential to anyone who meets the assessment standards

The Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) is a U.S.-based organization that sets standards for the accreditation of personnel certification and certificate programs based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, a joint publication of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Many members of the Association of Test Publishers (ATP) are also certification organizations.

• Phillip Barnhart, The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997), HRD Press. ISBN 0-8493-9960-2 Retrieved electronically 7 July 2009.

• Master of Professional Studies in Real Estate. "Advanced Professional Certificate in Real Estate | Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies". Scs.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

• "Certificate Programs". lesley.edu.

Electronic system level (ESL) design and verification is an electronic design methodology, focused on higher abstraction level concerns. The term Electronic System Level or ESL Design was first defined by Gartner Dataquest, an EDA-industry-analysis firm, on February 1, 2001. It is defined in ESL Design and Verification as: "the utilization of appropriate abstractions in order to increase comprehension about a system, and to enhance the probability of a successful implementation of functionality in a cost-effective manner."

The basic premise is to model the behavior of the entire system using a high-level language such as C, C++, or using graphical "model-based" design tools. Newer languages are emerging that enable the creation of a model at a higher level of abstraction including general purpose system design languages like SysML as well as those that are specific to embedded system design like SMDL and SSDL. Rapid and correct-by-construction implementation of the system can be automated using EDA tools such as high-level synthesis and embedded software tools, although much of it is performed manually today. ESL can also be accomplished through the use of SystemC as an abstract modeling language.

Electronic System Level is an established approach at many of the world’s leading System-on-a-chip (SoC) design companies, and is being used increasingly in system design. From its genesis as an algorithm modeling methodology with ‘no links to implementation’, ESL is evolving into a set of complementary methodologies that enable embedded system design, verification, and debugging through to the hardware and software implementation of custom SoC, system-on-FPGA, system-on board, and entire multi-board systems.

Design and verification are two distinct disciplines within this methodology. Some practices are to keep the two elements separate, while others advocate for closer integration between design and verification.

Pennsylvania (/ˌpɛnsɪlˈveɪniə/ (listen) PEN-sil-VAY-nee-ə), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle. The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): Keystone State;[1] Quaker State
Motto(s): Virtue, Liberty and Independence
State song(s): "Pennsylvania"
Official language	None
Spoken languages	English 90.15% Spanish 4.09% German (Including Pennsylvania German) 0.87% Chinese 0.47% Italian 0.43%[2]
Demonym	Pennsylvanian
Capital	Harrisburg
Largest city	Philadelphia
Largest metro	Delaware Valley
Area	Ranked 33rd
• Total	46,055 sq mi (119,283 km2)
• Width	283 miles (455 km)
• Length	170 miles (273 km)
• % water	2.7
• Latitude	39° 43′ to 42° 16′ N
• Longitude	74° 41′ to 80° 31′ W
Population	Ranked 5th
• Total	12,807,060 (2018)
• Density	284/sq mi  (110/km2) Ranked 9th
• Median household income	$59,195[3] (25th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Mount Davis[4][5] 3,213 ft (979 m)
• Mean	1,100 ft  (340 m)
• Lowest point	Delaware River at Delaware border[4] Sea level
Before statehood	Province of Pennsylvania
Admitted to the Union	December 12, 1787 (2nd)
Governor	Tom Wolf (D)
Lieutenant Governor	John Fetterman (D)
Legislature	General Assembly
• Upper house	State Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	Bob Casey Jr. (D) Pat Toomey (R)
U.S. House delegation	9 Democrats 8 Republicans 1 Vacant (list)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC −5/−4
ISO 3166	US-PA
Abbreviations	PA, Pa., Penn., Penna.
Website	www.pa.gov

Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

Interactive map of Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania state symbols
The Flag of Pennsylvania
The Seal of Pennsylvania
Living insignia
Amphibian	Eastern Hellbender
Bird	Ruffed grouse
Dog breed	Great Dane
Fish	Brook trout
Flower	Mountain laurel
Insect	Firefly (Photuris pensylvanica)
Mammal	White-tailed deer
Tree	Eastern hemlock
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Milk
Dance	Polka
Food	Chocolate Chip Cookie [6]
Fossil	Trilobite
Soil	Hazleton
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 1999
Lists of United States state symbols

Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area, and the 6th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010. It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states. Pennsylvania's two most populous cities are Philadelphia (1,580,863), and Pittsburgh (302,407). The state capital and its 10th largest city is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles (225 km) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary.[7]

The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn, the son of the state's namesake. Part of Pennsylvania (along the Delaware River), together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden. It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12, 1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the state's largest city of Philadelphia. During the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washington's headquarters during the bitter winter of 1777–78.

Pennsylvania's 2016 total gross state product (GSP) of $719.8 billion ranks the state 6th in the nation.[105] If Pennsylvania were an independent country, its economy would rank as the 19th-largest in the world.[106] On a per-capita basis, Pennsylvania's 2016 per-capita GSP of $50,665 (in chained 2009 dollars) ranks 22nd among the 50 states.[105]

Geo map of average income by location in Pennsylvania. Data shown is from the 2014 American Community Survey 5-year estimate.

Philadelphia in the southeast corner, Pittsburgh in the southwest corner, Erie in the northwest corner, Scranton-Wilkes-Barre in the northeast corner, and Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton in the east central region are urban manufacturing centers. Much of the Commonwealth is rural; this dichotomy affects state politics as well as the state economy.[107] Philadelphia is home to six Fortune 500 companies,[108] with more located in suburbs like King of Prussia; it is a leader in the financial[109] and insurance industry.

Pittsburgh is home to eight Fortune 500 companies, including U.S. Steel, PPG Industries, and H.J. Heinz.[108] In all, Pennsylvania is home to fifty Fortune 500 companies.[108] Erie is also home to GE Transportation Systems, which is the largest producer of train locomotives in the United States.

As in the US as a whole and in most states, the largest private employer in the Commonwealth is Wal-Mart, followed by the University of Pennsylvania.[110][111] Pennsylvania is also home to the oldest investor-owned utility company in the US, The York Water Company.

As of November 2018, the state's unemployment rate is 4.2%.[112]

The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE) is the public university system of the Commonwealth, with 14 state-owned schools. The Commonwealth System of Higher Education is an organizing body of the 4 state-related schools in Pennsylvania, these schools are independent institutions that receive some state funding. There are also 15 publicly funded two-year community colleges and technical schools that are separate from the PASSHE system. Additionally there are many private two- and four-year technical schools, colleges and universities.

Carnegie Mellon University, The Pennsylvania State University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Pittsburgh, are members of the Association of American Universities, an invitation only organization of leading research universities. Lehigh University is also another renowned private research university located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania State University is the Commonwealth's Land-grant university, Sea Grant College and, Space Grant College. The University of Pennsylvania, located in Philadelphia, is considered the first university in the United States and established the country's first medical school. The University of Pennsylvania is also the Commonwealth's only, and geographically the most southern, Ivy League school. The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts is the first and oldest art school in the United States.[156] Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, now a part of University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, was the first pharmacy school in the United States.[157]

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/ES	Lehigh Valley College
School: Lehigh Valley College Program: Computers are critical in every business environment, from the corner market to the Stock Market. Businesses simply cannot operate without proficient programmers and technicians. The keys to the future belong to those who drive these industrious machines. Lehigh Valley College can help you get there. Diploma Programs: Web Administration; Web Design and Technology; Computer Programming; Computer Programming Specialist; LAN Technology. Associate Degree Programs: Personal Computers & Network Technology :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Allentown, PA ::  more info

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CA/ES	Computer Engineering Technology (CET)
School: DeVry University Program: Computer engineering technologists take a hands-on approach to designing and implementing computer systems or other digital subsystems, software and interfaces to link computers to other physical systems. They design software systems, create codes and protocols, test and evaluate hardware and software products and processes, and diagnose and solve problems. Computers and networks are leading technologies driving engineering job markets; thus, graduates with competencies in software development as well as sound knowledge of hardware and engineering processes are in high demand. To this end, DeVry's Computer Engineering Technology (CET) program integrates coursework in hardware and software technologies crucial to professional success. Graduates are proficient in creating programs that involve development, modification and application of software codes and protocols. * In New York, Computer Technology :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Philadelphia (Fort Washington), PA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/ES	Electronics Engineering Technology (EET)
School: DeVry University Program: Electronics specialists are at the heart of rapidly evolving technology, applying their expertise in diverse areas such as semiconductor chip manufacturing, telecommunications, wireless, computer networking, the internet, transportation, entertainment, medicine and space exploration. Global competition and the unparalleled speed at which new products are developed have greatly increased the need for highly productive and adaptive engineering technologists. The EE program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and science, analysis and design of electrical and electronic circuits and systems, digital and microprocessor systems, electronic communications and controls, computer programming, and senior project design and development. ** In New York, Electronics Technology :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Philadelphia (Fort Washington), PA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/ES	PC Programming
School: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute Program: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute's (Not affiliated with the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies) Personal Computer programs can train you in some of the most widely used computer applications and techniques, helping you obtain the technical skills you need for a successful future. The objective of our programs is to develop entry-level administrative and office support personnel who possess: The skills necessary to perform in a modern computerized office; The PC knowledge required for professional growth; The professional office skills that employers expect; The ability to present themselves effectively to prospective employers. :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Springfield, PA ::  more info

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Electronics specialists are at the heart of rapidly evolving technology, applying their expertise in diverse areas such as semiconductor chip manufacturing, telecommunications, wireless, computer networking, the internet, transportation, entertainment, medicine and space exploration. Global competition and the unparalleled speed at which new products are developed have greatly increased the need for highly productive and adaptive engineering technologists.

The EE program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and science, analysis and design of electrical and electronic circuits and systems, digital and microprocessor systems, electronic communications and controls, computer programming, and senior project design and development.

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