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In the United States, a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education. These certificates usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge about a certain vocational or professional subject. Certificate programs can be completed more quickly than associate degrees and often do not have general education requirements. Undergraduate certificates represent completion of a specific program offered in coordination with a bachelors degree. Graduate certificates represent completion of studies beyond the bachelor's degree, yet short of a masters degree.

In the State of Maryland, a Certificate of Merit was, until recently, issued to graduating high-school seniors who met certain academic requirements (such as completion of advanced courses and a cumulative GPA of 3.00); the statewide certificate has since been replaced by "endorsements" defined by each local school system.[3]

It also may be awarded as a necessary certification to validate that a student is considered competent in a certain specific networking skill area in information technology. Thus a computer engineer or computer science graduation most likely will have to obtain additional certificates on and pertaining to the specific technologies or equipment used by the hiring corporation; if not, such employer may suffer unwanted penalties like foregoing (voiding the contract) the protections of a certain level of customer service or warranties.

A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies. Most certifications are time-limited; some expire after a period of time (e.g., the lifetime of a product that required certification for use), while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met. Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up-to-date on advancements in the field, evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits (CECs), or continuing education units (CEUs), from approved professional development courses.

Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations, trade organizations, or private vendors interested in raising industry standards. Certificate programs are often created or endorsed by professional associations, but are typically completely independent from membership organizations. Certifications are very common in fields such as aviation, construction, technology, environment, and other industrial sectors, as well as healthcare, business, real estate, and finance.

According to The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997) by Phillip Barnhart, "certifications are portable, since they do not depend on one company's definition of a certain job" and they provide protential employers with "an impartial, third-party endorsement of an individual's professional knowledge and experience".[1]

Certification is different from professional licensure. In the United States, licenses are typically issued by state agencies, whereas certifications are usually awarded by professional societies or educational institutes. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. In other countries, licenses are typically granted by professional societies or universities and require a certificate after about three to five years and so on thereafter. The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than that of licensure, though sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same, despite differing in terms of legal status.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines the standard for being a certifying agency as meeting the following two requirements:

1. Delivering an assessment based on industry knowledge that is independent from training courses or course providers
2. Granting a time-limited credential to anyone who meets the assessment standards

The Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) is a U.S.-based organization that sets standards for the accreditation of personnel certification and certificate programs based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, a joint publication of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Many members of the Association of Test Publishers (ATP) are also certification organizations.

• Phillip Barnhart, The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997), HRD Press. ISBN 0-8493-9960-2 Retrieved electronically 7 July 2009.

• Master of Professional Studies in Real Estate. "Advanced Professional Certificate in Real Estate | Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies". Scs.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

• "Certificate Programs". lesley.edu.

Electronic system level (ESL) design and verification is an electronic design methodology, focused on higher abstraction level concerns. The term Electronic System Level or ESL Design was first defined by Gartner Dataquest, an EDA-industry-analysis firm, on February 1, 2001. It is defined in ESL Design and Verification as: "the utilization of appropriate abstractions in order to increase comprehension about a system, and to enhance the probability of a successful implementation of functionality in a cost-effective manner."

The basic premise is to model the behavior of the entire system using a high-level language such as C, C++, or using graphical "model-based" design tools. Newer languages are emerging that enable the creation of a model at a higher level of abstraction including general purpose system design languages like SysML as well as those that are specific to embedded system design like SMDL and SSDL. Rapid and correct-by-construction implementation of the system can be automated using EDA tools such as high-level synthesis and embedded software tools, although much of it is performed manually today. ESL can also be accomplished through the use of SystemC as an abstract modeling language.

Electronic System Level is an established approach at many of the world’s leading System-on-a-chip (SoC) design companies, and is being used increasingly in system design. From its genesis as an algorithm modeling methodology with ‘no links to implementation’, ESL is evolving into a set of complementary methodologies that enable embedded system design, verification, and debugging through to the hardware and software implementation of custom SoC, system-on-FPGA, system-on board, and entire multi-board systems.

Design and verification are two distinct disciplines within this methodology. Some practices are to keep the two elements separate, while others advocate for closer integration between design and verification.

Rhode Island (/ˌroʊd -/ (listen)),[6][7] officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,[8] is a state in the New England region of the United States. It is the smallest state in area, the seventh least populous, the second most densely populated, and it has the longest official name of any state. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound. It also shares a small maritime border with New York.[9] Providence is the state capital and most populous city in Rhode Island.

State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Ocean State Little Rhody[1]
Motto(s): Hope
State song(s): "Rhode Island, It's for Me"
Official language	De jure: None De facto: English
Demonym	Rhode Islander
Capital (and largest city)	Providence
Largest metro	Greater Providence
Area	Ranked 50th
• Total	1,214[2] sq mi (3,144 km2)
• Width	37 miles (60 km)
• Length	48 miles (77 km)
• % water	13.9%
• Latitude	41° 09' N to 42° 01' N
• Longitude	71° 07' W to 71° 53' W
Population	Ranked 44th
• Total	1,057,315 (2018)
• Density	1006/sq mi  (388/km2) Ranked 2nd
• Median household income	$63,870[3] (16th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Jerimoth Hill[4][5] 812 ft (247 m)
• Mean	200 ft  (60 m)
• Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean[4] Sea level
Before statehood	Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
Admitted to the Union	May 29, 1790 (13th)
Governor	Gina Raimondo (D)
Lieutenant Governor	Daniel McKee (D)
Legislature	Rhode Island General Assembly
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	Jack Reed (D) Sheldon Whitehouse (D)
U.S. House delegation	1: David Cicilline (D) 2: James Langevin (D) (list)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC −5/−4
ISO 3166	US-RI
Abbreviations	RI, R.I.
Website	www.ri.gov
Footnotes: * Total area is approximately 776,957 acres (3,144 km2)

Rhode Island state symbols
The Flag of Rhode Island
The Seal of Rhode Island
Living insignia
Bird	Rhode Island Red chicken Gallus gallus domesticus
Fish	Striped bass
Flower	Violet Viola sororia
Insect	American burying beetle Nicroforus americanus
Mammal	Morgan horse
Reptile	Painted turtle
Tree	Red Maple Acer rubrum
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Coffee milk
Mineral	Bowenite
Rock	Cumberlandite
Ship	Courageous, USS Providence
Slogan	Unwind
Tartan	Rhode Island State Tartan
Other	Fruit: Rhode Island Greening
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2001
Lists of United States state symbols

On May 4, 1776, the Colony of Rhode Island was the first of the Thirteen Colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown,[10] and it was the fourth among the newly independent states to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 9, 1778.[11] The state boycotted the 1787 convention which drew up the United States Constitution[12] and initially refused to ratify it;[13] it was the last of the states to do so on May 29, 1790.[14][15]

Rhode Island's official nickname is "The Ocean State", a reference to the large bays and inlets that amount to about 14 percent of its total area.[2]

The Rhode Island economy had a colonial base in fishing.

The Blackstone River Valley was a major contributor to the American Industrial Revolution. It was in Pawtucket that Samuel Slater set up Slater Mill in 1793,[98] using the waterpower of the Blackstone River to power his cotton mill. For a while, Rhode Island was one of the leaders in textiles. However, with the Great Depression, most textile factories relocated to southern U.S. states. The textile industry still constitutes a part of the Rhode Island economy but does not have the same power that it once had.

Other important industries in Rhode Island's past included toolmaking, costume jewelry, and silverware. An interesting by-product of Rhode Island's industrial history is the number of abandoned factories, many of them now being used for condominiums, museums, offices, and low-income and elderly housing. Today, much of the economy of Rhode Island is based in services, particularly healthcare and education, and still manufacturing to some extent.[99][100] The state's nautical history continues in the 21st century in the form of nuclear submarine construction.

Per the 2013 American Communities Survey, Rhode Island has the highest paid elementary school teachers in the country, with an average salary of $75,028 (adjusted to inflation).[101]

The headquarters of Citizens Financial Group is located in Providence, the 14th largest bank in the United States.[102] The Fortune 500 companies CVS Caremark and Textron are based in Woonsocket and Providence, respectively. FM Global, GTECH Corporation, Hasbro, American Power Conversion, Nortek, and Amica Mutual Insurance are all Fortune 1000 companies that are based in Rhode Island.[103]

Rhode Island's 2000 total gross state production was $46.18 billion (adjusted to inflation), placing it 45th in the nation. Its 2000 per capita personal income was $41,484 (adjusted to inflation), 16th in the nation. Rhode Island has the lowest level of energy consumption per capita of any state.[104][105][106] Additionally, Rhode Island is rated as the 5th most energy efficient state in the country.[107][108] In December 2012, the state's unemployment rate was 10.2%.[109]

Health services are Rhode Island's largest industry. Second is tourism, supporting 39,000 jobs, with tourism-related sales at $4.56 billion (adjusted to inflation) in the year 2000. The third-largest industry is manufacturing.[110] Its industrial outputs are submarine construction, shipbuilding, costume jewelry, fabricated metal products, electrical equipment, machinery, and boatbuilding. Rhode Island's agricultural outputs are nursery stock, vegetables, dairy products, and eggs.

Rhode Island's taxes were appreciably higher than neighboring states,[72] because Rhode Island's income tax was based on 25% of the payer's federal income tax payment.[111] Former Governor Donald Carcieri claimed that the higher tax rate had an inhibitory effect on business growth in the state and called for reductions to increase the competitiveness of the state's business environment. In 2010, the Rhode Island General Assembly passed a new state income tax structure that was then signed into law on June 9, 2010 by Governor Carcieri.[112] The income tax overhaul has now made Rhode Island competitive with other New England states by lowering its maximum tax rate to 5.99% and reducing the number of tax brackets to three.[113] The state's first income tax was enacted in 1971.[114]

Rhode Island has several colleges and universities:

• Brown University
• Bryant University
• Community College of Rhode Island
• Johnson & Wales University
• Naval War College
• New England Institute of Technology
• Providence College
• Rhode Island College
• Rhode Island School of Design
• Roger Williams University
• Salve Regina University of Newport
• University of Rhode Island

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/ES	PC Support Technician
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Launch your computer tech career with training from the PC Support Technician program. Designed to prepare you for the A+ and Network+ Certification examinations and an entry-level position as a PC Support Technican, you will: Learn the features and functions of the MicrosoftT Windows 2000 Professional operating system Gain knowledge of the installation protocol and troubleshooting techniques for PC operating systems and computer hardware. Work on the essentials of network design, networking operations and common problem solving techniques. Become familiar with the fundamentals for configuration and installation of a Windows NT Workstation 4.0. And you can get the hands-on training you need in just 7 months. :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Lincoln, RI ::  more info

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CA/ES	Computer Technical Support
School: Katharine Gibbs School Program: The Computer Technical Support program is a 9-month certificate program in the day and 12 months in the evening that provides students with hands-on experience in operating systems, networking, software applications, and network maintenance. Graduates may seek positions to support end users and programmers in business environments. :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Providence, RI ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/ES	PC Network Operations and Support
School: Katharine Gibbs School Program: The PC Network Operations and Support Program is a 12-month day or 15-month evening certificate program designed to provide theory and hands-on experience in networking various client platforms. Through the utilization of Microsoft-based operating systems and Novell networking software, students will be prepared to support end users and programmers in business environments and gain experience operating computers and peripherals. :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Providence, RI ::  more info

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electronic systems

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Electronics specialists are at the heart of rapidly evolving technology, applying their expertise in diverse areas such as semiconductor chip manufacturing, telecommunications, wireless, computer networking, the internet, transportation, entertainment, medicine and space exploration. Global competition and the unparalleled speed at which new products are developed have greatly increased the need for highly productive and adaptive engineering technologists.

The EE program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and science, analysis and design of electrical and electronic circuits and systems, digital and microprocessor systems, electronic communications and controls, computer programming, and senior project design and development.

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