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In the United States, a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education. These certificates usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge about a certain vocational or professional subject. Certificate programs can be completed more quickly than associate degrees and often do not have general education requirements. Undergraduate certificates represent completion of a specific program offered in coordination with a bachelors degree. Graduate certificates represent completion of studies beyond the bachelor's degree, yet short of a masters degree.

In the State of Maryland, a Certificate of Merit was, until recently, issued to graduating high-school seniors who met certain academic requirements (such as completion of advanced courses and a cumulative GPA of 3.00); the statewide certificate has since been replaced by "endorsements" defined by each local school system.[3]

It also may be awarded as a necessary certification to validate that a student is considered competent in a certain specific networking skill area in information technology. Thus a computer engineer or computer science graduation most likely will have to obtain additional certificates on and pertaining to the specific technologies or equipment used by the hiring corporation; if not, such employer may suffer unwanted penalties like foregoing (voiding the contract) the protections of a certain level of customer service or warranties.

A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies. Most certifications are time-limited; some expire after a period of time (e.g., the lifetime of a product that required certification for use), while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met. Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up-to-date on advancements in the field, evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits (CECs), or continuing education units (CEUs), from approved professional development courses.

Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations, trade organizations, or private vendors interested in raising industry standards. Certificate programs are often created or endorsed by professional associations, but are typically completely independent from membership organizations. Certifications are very common in fields such as aviation, construction, technology, environment, and other industrial sectors, as well as healthcare, business, real estate, and finance.

According to The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997) by Phillip Barnhart, "certifications are portable, since they do not depend on one company's definition of a certain job" and they provide protential employers with "an impartial, third-party endorsement of an individual's professional knowledge and experience".[1]

Certification is different from professional licensure. In the United States, licenses are typically issued by state agencies, whereas certifications are usually awarded by professional societies or educational institutes. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. In other countries, licenses are typically granted by professional societies or universities and require a certificate after about three to five years and so on thereafter. The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than that of licensure, though sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same, despite differing in terms of legal status.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines the standard for being a certifying agency as meeting the following two requirements:

1. Delivering an assessment based on industry knowledge that is independent from training courses or course providers
2. Granting a time-limited credential to anyone who meets the assessment standards

The Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) is a U.S.-based organization that sets standards for the accreditation of personnel certification and certificate programs based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, a joint publication of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Many members of the Association of Test Publishers (ATP) are also certification organizations.

• Phillip Barnhart, The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997), HRD Press. ISBN 0-8493-9960-2 Retrieved electronically 7 July 2009.

• Master of Professional Studies in Real Estate. "Advanced Professional Certificate in Real Estate | Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies". Scs.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

• "Certificate Programs". lesley.edu.

Electronic system level (ESL) design and verification is an electronic design methodology, focused on higher abstraction level concerns. The term Electronic System Level or ESL Design was first defined by Gartner Dataquest, an EDA-industry-analysis firm, on February 1, 2001. It is defined in ESL Design and Verification as: "the utilization of appropriate abstractions in order to increase comprehension about a system, and to enhance the probability of a successful implementation of functionality in a cost-effective manner."

The basic premise is to model the behavior of the entire system using a high-level language such as C, C++, or using graphical "model-based" design tools. Newer languages are emerging that enable the creation of a model at a higher level of abstraction including general purpose system design languages like SysML as well as those that are specific to embedded system design like SMDL and SSDL. Rapid and correct-by-construction implementation of the system can be automated using EDA tools such as high-level synthesis and embedded software tools, although much of it is performed manually today. ESL can also be accomplished through the use of SystemC as an abstract modeling language.

Electronic System Level is an established approach at many of the world’s leading System-on-a-chip (SoC) design companies, and is being used increasingly in system design. From its genesis as an algorithm modeling methodology with ‘no links to implementation’, ESL is evolving into a set of complementary methodologies that enable embedded system design, verification, and debugging through to the hardware and software implementation of custom SoC, system-on-FPGA, system-on board, and entire multi-board systems.

Design and verification are two distinct disciplines within this methodology. Some practices are to keep the two elements separate, while others advocate for closer integration between design and verification.

Connecticut (/kəˈnɛtɪkət/ (listen))[11] is the southernmost state in the New England region of the United States. As of the 2010 Census, it has the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index (0.962), and median household income in the United States.[12][13][14] It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport. It is part of New England, although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-state area. The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state. The word "Connecticut" is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for "long tidal river".[15]

State of Connecticut
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Constitution State (official) The Nutmeg State The Provisions State The Land of Steady Habits
Motto(s): Qui transtulit sustinet (Latin) He who transplanted still sustains[1]
State song(s): "Yankee Doodle"
Official language	None
Demonym	Connecticuter[2] Connecticutian[3] Nutmegger[4]
Capital	Hartford[5]
Largest city	Bridgeport[6]
Largest metro	Greater Hartford[7]
Area	Ranked 48th
• Total	5,567 sq mi (14,357 km2)
• Width	110 miles (177 km)
• Length	70 miles (113 km)
• % water	12.6
• Latitude	40°58' N to 42°03' N
• Longitude	71°47' W to 73°44' W
Population	Ranked 29th
• Total	3,572,665 (2018)
• Density	739/sq mi  (285/km2) Ranked 4th
• Median household income	$74,168[8] (6th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Massachusetts border on south slope of Mount Frissell[9][10] 2,379 ft (725 m)
• Mean	500 ft  (150 m)
• Lowest point	Long Island Sound[9][10] Sea level
Before statehood	Connecticut Colony
Admitted to the Union	January 9, 1788 (5th)
Governor	Ned Lamont (D)
Lieutenant Governor	Susan Bysiewicz (D)
Legislature	Connecticut General Assembly
• Upper house	Connecticut Senate
• Lower house	Connecticut House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	Richard Blumenthal (D) Chris Murphy (D)
U.S. House delegation	5 Democrats (list)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC −5/−4
ISO 3166	US-CT
Abbreviations	CT, Conn.
Website	www.ct.gov

Connecticut state symbols
The Flag of Connecticut
The Seal of Connecticut
Living insignia
Bird	American robin
Fish	American shad
Flower	Mountain laurel
Insect	European mantis
Mammal	Sperm whale
Tree	Charter Oak, a white oak
Inanimate insignia
Dance	Square dance
Fossil	Dinosaur tracks
Mineral	Garnet
Motto	Qui transtulit sustinet Latin "He Who Transplanted Still Sustains"
Shell	Eastern oyster
Ship	USS Nautilus (SSN-571), Freedom Schooner Amistad
Slogan	Full of Surprises
Song	"Yankee Doodle" "The Nutmeg"
Tartan	Connecticut State Tartan
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 1999
Lists of United States state symbols

Connecticut's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small, short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers. Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers, although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English. Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony. The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a royal charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This was one of the Thirteen Colonies which rejected British rule in the American Revolution.

Connecticut is the third smallest state by area,[16] the 29th most populous,[17] and the fourth most densely populated[16] of the 50 states. It is known as the "Constitution State", the "Nutmeg State", the "Provisions State", and the "Land of Steady Habits".[1] It was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States.

The Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a long history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford and hedge funds in Fairfield County.

The total gross state product for 2012 was $229.3 billion, up from $225.4 billion in 2011.[135]

Connecticut's per capita personal income in 2013 was estimated at $60,847, the highest of any state.[136] There is, however, a great disparity in incomes throughout the state; after New York, Connecticut had the second largest gap nationwide between the average incomes of the top 1% and the average incomes of the bottom 99%.[137] According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Connecticut had the third-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 7.32%.[138] New Canaan is the wealthiest town in Connecticut, with a per capita income of $85,459. Darien, Greenwich, Weston, Westport and Wilton also have per capita incomes over $65,000. Hartford is the poorest municipality in Connecticut, with a per capita income of $13,428 in 2000.[139]

Entering the Merritt Parkway from New York in Greenwich, Connecticut

The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in December 2018 was 4.0%, the 33rd highest in the nation.[140]

Connecticut was home to the nation's first law school, Litchfield Law School, which operated from 1773 to 1833 in Litchfield. Hartford Public High School (1638) is the third-oldest secondary school in the nation after the Collegiate School (1628) in Manhattan and the Boston Latin School (1635).

• Yale University (1701)[197]
• Trinity College (1823)
• Wesleyan University (1831)
• University of Hartford (1877)
• Post University (1890)
• Connecticut College (1911)
• United States Coast Guard Academy (1915)
• University of New Haven (1920)
• University of Bridgeport (1927)
• Albertus Magnus College (1925)
• Quinnipiac University (1929)
• University of Saint Joseph (Connecticut) (1932)
• Mitchell College (1938)
• Fairfield University (1942)
• Sacred Heart University (1963)

• Central Connecticut State University (1849)
• University of Connecticut (1881)[198]
• Eastern Connecticut State University (1889)
• Southern Connecticut State University (1893)
• Western Connecticut State University (1903)
• Charter Oak State College (1973)

Southbury Training School Greenhouse, Interior.

Southbury Greenhouse, 2016

• Capital Community College (1946)[199]
• Norwalk Community College (1961)[200]
• Manchester Community College (1963)[201]
• Naugatuck Valley Community College (1964)[202]
• Northwestern Connecticut Community College (1965)[203]
• Middlesex Community College (1966)[204]
• Housatonic Community College (1967)[205]
• Gateway Community College (1968)[206]
• Asnuntuck Community College (1969)[207]
• Tunxis Community College (1969)[208]
• Quinebaug Valley Community College (1971)[209]
• Three Rivers Community College (1992)[210]

The state also has many noted private day schools, and its boarding schools draw students from around the world.

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        School Description

Choose the education that's right for YOU!               

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/ES	Technology Programs
School: Gibbs College Program: At Gibbs College, in Norwalk, CT, you can get the training you need for a successful career in Business, Design, Technology, Legal or Medical fields. Technology programs include the degree program in Computer Network Operations, and a certificate program in Computer Technical Support. :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Norwalk, CT ::  more info

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School Description

electronic systems

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Electronics specialists are at the heart of rapidly evolving technology, applying their expertise in diverse areas such as semiconductor chip manufacturing, telecommunications, wireless, computer networking, the internet, transportation, entertainment, medicine and space exploration. Global competition and the unparalleled speed at which new products are developed have greatly increased the need for highly productive and adaptive engineering technologists.

The EE program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and science, analysis and design of electrical and electronic circuits and systems, digital and microprocessor systems, electronic communications and controls, computer programming, and senior project design and development.

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