Get Your Degree Online!

:: Virginia VA Business Administration

A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in business administration or management. According to Kaplan business schools are "educational institutions that specialize in teaching courses and programs related to business and/or management". Such a school can also be known as school of management, school of business administration, or colloquially b-school or biz school. A business school teaches topics such as accounting, administration, strategy, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, human resource management, management science, management information systems, international business, logistics, marketing, organizational psychology, organizational behavior, public relations, research methods and real estate among others.

There are several forms of business schools, including a school of business, business administration, and management.

1. Most of the university business schools consist of faculties, colleges, or departments within the university, and predominantly teach business courses (e.g. Mannheim Business School).
2. In North America, a business school is often understood to be a university program that offers a graduate Master of Business Administration degrees and/or undergraduate bachelor's degrees (e.g. Harvard Business School).
3. In Europe and Asia, some universities teach predominantly business courses (e.g. Copenhagen Business School).
4. Privately owned business school which is not affiliated with any university (e.g. WHU-Otto Beisheim School of Management).

Kaplan classifies business schools along four Corners:

1. Culture (Europe - US): Independent of their actual (physical) location, business schools can be classified according to whether they follow the European or the US model.
2. Compass (international/global – regional/local): Business schools can be classified along a continuum, with international/ global schools on one end and regional/ local schools on the other.
3. Capital (public – private): Business schools can either be publicly (state) funded or privately funded, for example through endowments or tuition fees.
4. Content (teaching – research): Business school can be classified according to whether a school considers teaching or research to be its primary focus.

Some business schools structure their teaching around the use of case studies (i.e. the case method). Case studies have been used in Graduate and Undergraduate business education for nearly one hundred years. Business cases are historical descriptions of actual business situations. Typically, information is presented about a business firm's products, markets, competition, financial structure, sales volumes, management, employees and other factors influencing the firm's success. The length of a business case study may range from two or three pages to 30 pages, or more.

Students are expected to scrutinize the case study and prepare to discuss strategies and tactics that the firm should employ in the future. Three different methods have been used in business case teaching:

1. Preparing case-specific questions to be answered by the student. This is used with short cases intended for Undergraduate students. The underlying concept is that such students need specific guidance to be able to analyze case studies.
2. Problem-solving analysis is the second method initiated by the Harvard Business School which is by far the most widely used method in MBA and executive development programs. The underlying concept is that with enough practice (hundreds of case analyses) students develop intuitive skills for analyzing and resolving complex business situations. Successful implementation of this method depends heavily on the skills of the discussion leader.
3. A generally applicable strategic planning approach. This third method does not require students to analyze hundreds of cases. A strategic planning model is provided and students are instructed to apply the steps of the model to six – and up to a dozen cases – during a semester. This is sufficient to develop their ability to analyze a complex situation, generate a variety of possible strategies and to select the best ones. In effect, students learn a generally applicable approach to analyze cases studies and real situations. This approach does not make any extraordinary demands on the artistic and dramatic talents of the teacher. Consequently, most professors are capable of supervising the application of this method.

In contrast to the case method some schools use a skills-based approach in teaching business. This approach emphasizes quantitative methods, in particular operations research, management information systems, statistics, organizational behavior, modeling and simulation, and decision science. The leading institution in this method is the Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University. The goal is to provide students a set of tools that will prepare them to tackle and solve problems.

In addition to teaching students, many business schools run Executive Education programs. These may be either open programs or company-specific programs. Executives may also acquire an MBA title in an Executive MBA program within university of business or from top ranked business schools. Many business schools seek close co-operation with business.

Virginia (/vərˈdʒɪniə/ (listen)), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern[5] and Mid-Atlantic[6] regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" due to its status as the first English colonial possession established in mainland North America[7] and "Mother of Presidents" because eight U.S. presidents were born there, more than any other state. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's estimated population as of 2018 is over 8.5 million.[8]

The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution. In the American Civil War, Virginia's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy, and Virginia's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union; that led to the creation of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.[9]

The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World.[10] The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008.[11] It is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginia's economy has many sectors: agriculture in the Shenandoah Valley; federal agencies in Northern Virginia, including the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); and military facilities in Hampton Roads, the site of the region's main seaport.

Commonwealth of Virginia
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): "Old Dominion", "Mother of Presidents and the Mother of Statesmen"
Motto(s): Sic semper tyrannis (English: Thus Always to Tyrants)[1]
State song(s): "Our Great Virginia"
Official language	English
Spoken languages	English 86%, Spanish 6% Other 8%
Demonym	Virginian
Capital	Richmond
Largest city	Virginia Beach
Largest metro	Baltimore-Washington Metro Area
Area	Ranked 35th
• Total	42,774.2 sq mi (110,785.67 km2)
• Width	200 miles (320 km)
• Length	430 miles (690 km)
• % water	7.4
• Latitude	36° 32′ N to 39° 28′ N
• Longitude	75° 15′ W to 83° 41′ W
Population	Ranked 12th
• Total	8,517,685 (2018)
• Density	206.7/sq mi  (79.8/km2) Ranked 14th
• Median household income	$71,535[2] (10th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Mount Rogers[3][4] 5,729 ft (1746 m)
• Mean	950 ft  (290 m)
• Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean[3] Sea level
Before statehood	Colony of Virginia
Admitted to the Union	June 25, 1788 (10th)
Governor	Ralph Northam (D)
Lieutenant Governor	Justin Fairfax (D)
Legislature	General Assembly
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Delegates
U.S. Senators	Mark Warner (D) Tim Kaine (D)
U.S. House delegation	7 Democrats 4 Republicans (list)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC −5/−4
ISO 3166	US-VA
Abbreviations	VA, Va.
Website	www.virginia.gov

Virginia is an employment-at-will state;[160] its economy has diverse sources of income, including local and federal government, military, farming and business. Virginia has 4.1 million civilian workers, and one-third of the jobs are in the service sector.[161][162] The unemployment rate in Virginia as of 2018 is 2.9%, which is below the national average.[163] The second fastest job growth town in the nation is Leesburg, as of 2011.[164] The Gross Domestic Product of Virginia was over $510 billion in 2017.[165] According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Virginia had the most counties in the top 100 wealthiest in the United States at sixteen counties based upon median income in 2007.[166] Northern Virginia is the highest-income region in Virginia, having six of the twenty highest-income counties in the United States, including the two highest as of 2008.[167] According to CNN Money Magazine the highest-income town in the nation is Great Falls, as of 2011.[168] According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Virginia had the seventh-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.64%.[169]

Virginia's educational system consistently ranks in the top five states on the U.S. Department of Education's National Assessment of Educational Progress, with Virginia students outperforming the average in all subject areas and grade levels tested.[236] The 2018 Quality Counts report ranked Virginia's K–12 education tenth best in the country.[237] All school divisions must adhere to educational standards set forth by the Virginia Department of Education, which maintains an assessment and accreditation regime known as the Standards of Learning to ensure accountability.[238] In 2018, 91.6% of high school students graduated on-time after four years, and increase of two percent from 2013.[239]

Public K–12 schools in Virginia are generally operated by the counties and cities, and not by the state. As off the 2018–19 academic year, a total of 1,290,576 students were enrolled in 2,293 local and regional schools in the Commonwealth, including eight charter schools, and an additional 98 alternative and special education centers across 133 school divisions.[240][241] 2018 marked the first decline in overall enrollment in public schools, by just over 2,000 students, since 1984.[242] Besides the general public schools in Virginia, there are Governor's Schools and selective magnet schools. The Governor's Schools are a collection of more than 40 regional high schools and summer programs intended for gifted students.[243] The Virginia Council for Private Education oversees the regulation of 483 state accredited private schools.[244] An additional 17,283 students receive homeschooling.[245]

As of 2019, there are 169 colleges and universities in Virginia.[246] In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report ranking of national public universities, the University of Virginia is ranked No. 3, the College of William and Mary is No. 10, Virginia Tech is No. 30, George Mason University is No. 67, and Virginia Commonwealth University is No. 80.[247] Virginia Commonwealth is also ranked the No. 2 public graduate school in fine arts, while James Madison University is ranked the No. 6 regional university in The South.[248][249] The Virginia Military Institute is the oldest state military college.[250] Virginia State University and Virginia Tech are the state's land-grant universities. Virginia also operates 23 community colleges on 40 campuses serving over 225,000 credit students and around 175,000 non-credit students as of 2017.[251] There are 124 private institutions in the state, including nationally ranked liberal arts colleges Washington and Lee University at No. 11, the University of Richmond at No. 25, and the Virginia Military Institute at No. 81.[246][252] As of 2018, Liberty University had the largest enrollment, with 88,283 online students and 15,105 on-campus students in Lynchburg.[253]

• "Factpack" (PDF). Virginia General Assembly. January 11, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

• "Median Annual Household Income". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on November 2, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.

• Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.

• Society, National Geographic (January 3, 2012). "United States Regions". Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• "Mid-Atlantic Home : Mid–Atlantic Information Office : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• "Old Dominion". Encyclopedia Virginia. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2014.

• "QuickFacts Virginia; UNITED STATES". 2018 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. February 1, 2019. Archived from the original on February 2, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.

• Balz, Dan (October 12, 2007). "Painting America Purple". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2007.

• "About the General Assembly". Website: Virginia General Assembly. State of Virginia. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2013.

• Somashekhar, Sandhya (March 4, 2008). "Government Takes Top Honors in Efficiency". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved March 11, 2008.

• The Encyclopedia of Virginia 1999, pp. 2–15

• "2000 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2004. p. 71. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.

• "Supreme Court Rules for Virginia in Potomac Conflict". The Sea Grant Law Center. University of Mississippi. 2003. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2007.

• Hubbard, Jr. 2009, p. 140.

• Van Zandt 1976, pp. 92–95.

• "Fact Sheet 102–98 – The Chesapeake Bay: Geologic Product of Rising Sea Level". United States Geological Survey. November 18, 1998. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2009.

• Burnham & Burnham 2004, pp. 7, 56–57.

• "Rivers and Watersheds". The Geology of Virginia. College of William and Mary. February 23, 2007. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2008.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, p. 3.

• Pazzaglia 2006, pp. 135–138.

• "Virginia's Agricultural Resources". Natural Resource Education Guide. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. January 21, 2008. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2008.

• Burnham & Burnham 2004, p. 277.

• "Physiographic Regions of Virginia". The Geology of Virginia. College of William and Mary. February 16, 2007. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2008.

• Palmer 1998, pp. 49–51.

• "Largest Earthquake in Virginia". United States Geological Survey. January 25, 2008. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.

• "Magnitude 5.8 – Virginia". United States Geological Survey. August 23, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2011.

• Mayell, Hillary (November 13, 2001). "Chesapeake Bay Crater Offers Clues to Ancient Cataclysm". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.

• "Coal" (PDF). Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy. July 31, 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2014.

• "Comparison of Annually Reported Tonnage Data" (XLS). Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy. 2018. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2019.

• "Caves" (PDF). Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy. July 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 17, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2009.

• Burnham & Burnham 2004, pp. 1–3

• Hayden, Bruce P.; Michaels, Patrick J. (January 20, 2000). "Virginia's Climate". Department of Environmental Sciences. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2008.

• "Thunderstorms and Lightening". Virginia Department of Emergency Management. April 2, 2001. Archived from the original on December 7, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.

• U.S. Climate Divisional Dataset (2018). "Climate at a Glance". NOAA. Retrieved March 11, 2019.

• "The Natural Communities of Virginia". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. 2006. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.

• Ricketts, Lauryn (February 7, 2008). "Tornadoes DO happen in Virginia!". TV3 Winchester. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.

• "Advisory 01/07: The Hot Get Hotter? Urban Warming and Air Quality". University of Virginia Climatology Office. Archived from the original on September 22, 2002. Retrieved July 30, 2007.

• "Report Card: Virginia". State of the Air: 2018. American Lung Association. April 17, 2018. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2019.

• Fahrenthold, David A. (June 25, 2008). "Debating Coal's Cost in Rural Va". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2008.

• "Virginia's Forest Resources". Natural Resource Education Guide. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. January 21, 2008. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2008.

• "Shenandoah National Park — Forests". National Park Service. July 25, 2006. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved September 10, 2007.

• Carroll & Miller 2002, pp. xi−xii.

• "Species Information: Mammals". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. 2008. Archived from the original on January 15, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2008.

• "Shenandoah National Park — Birds". National Park Service. July 25, 2006. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2007.

• "Virginia Fishes". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. 2008. Archived from the original on November 10, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2008.

• "Bay Biology". Chesapeake Bay Program. January 5, 2006. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2008.

• "Virginia". National Park Service. 2008. Archived from the original on August 21, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2008.

• Carroll & Miller 2002, p. 158.

• "Park Locations". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. November 9, 2007. Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved January 26, 2008.

• Smith 2008, pp. 152–153, 356.

• Shapiro, Laurie Gwen (June 22, 2014). "Pocahontas: Fantasy and Reality". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on June 23, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2014.

• Wallenstein 2007, pp. 406–407.

• Kunkle, Fredrick; Vogel, Steve (May 14, 2007). "President Bush Caps Celebration Of Success in Face of Adversity". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2009.

• "Virginia Military Dead Database Introduction". Library of Virginia. Government of Virginia. 2009. Archived from the original on September 3, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2009.

• Abrams 1999, p. xv.

• Wood, Karenne, ed. (2007). The Virginia Indian Heritage Trail (PDF) (second ed.). Charlottesville, Virginia: Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. ISBN 978-0-9786604-3-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 2009.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 4–11.

• Cotton, Lee (July 1999). "Powhatan Indian Lifeways". National Park Service. Archived from the original on September 24, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2008.

• Glanville, Jim. "16th Century Spanish Invasions of Southwest Virginia" (PDF). Reprinted from the Historical Society of Western Virginia Journal, XVII(l): 34–42,2009 [2010]. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2014.

• Wallenstein 2007, pp. 8–9.

• Moran 2007, p. 8.

• Stewart 2008, p. 22.

• Vollmann 2002, pp. 695–696.

• Conlin 2009, pp. 30–31.

• Gordon 2004, p. 17.

• Hoffer 2006, p. 132; Grizzard & Smith 2007, pp. 128–133

• "The lost colony and Jamestown droughts." Archived September 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Stahle, D. W., M. K. Cleaveland, D. B. Blanton, M. D. Therrell, and D. A. Gay. 1998. Science 280:564–567.

• Wallenstein 2007, p. 22.

• Hashaw 2007, pp. 76–77, 239–240.

• Higginbotham, A. Leon (1975). In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780195027457.

• Foner, Philip S. (1980). "History of Black Americans: From Africa to the emergence of the cotton kingdom". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013.

• Hashaw 2007, pp. 211–215.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 51–59.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 76–77.

• Anderson 2000, p. 23.

• Anderson 2000, pp. 42–43.

• "Signers of the Declaration (Richard Henry Lee)". National Park Service. April 13, 2006. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2008.

• Gutzman 2007, pp. 24–29.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 125–133.

• Schwartz, Stephan A. (May 2000). "George Mason: Forgotten Founder, He Conceived the Bill of Rights". Smithsonian (31.2): 142.

• Cooper 2007, p. 58.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 131–133.

• Wallenstein 2007, p. 104.

• Robertson 1993, pp. 8–12

• Davis 2006, pp. 125, 208–210.

• "Census Data for Year 1860". University of Virginia. 2007. Archived from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2010.

• Morgan 1998, p. 490.

• Goodwin 2012, pp. 4.

• Tripp, Steve. "Lynchburg During the Civil War". Encyclopedia of Virginia. Library of Virginia. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013.

• Robertson 1993, p. 170.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 249–250.

• Morgan 1992, pp. 160–166.

• Dailey, Gilmore & Simon 2000, pp. 90–96.

• Wallenstein 2007, pp. 253–254.

• Davis 2006, pp. 328–329.

• "Our Heritage". Northrop Grumman. December 20, 2011. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2012.

• Feuer 1999, pp. 50–52.

• Goodwin 2012, p. 238.

• Greenspan 2009, pp. 37–43.

• Wallenstein 2007, pp. 340–341.

• Wallenstein 2007, pp. 357.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 359–366.

• Accordino 2000, pp. 76–78.

• Kelly, Christopher (November 29, 2001). "Forensic feat IDs nearly all Pentagon victims". Stripe. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2009.

• "Virginia (USA): State, Major Cities, & Places". City Population. July 1, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2019.

• "Virginia (USA): State, Major Cities, & Places". City Population. July 1, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2019.

• "County & County Equivalent Areas". United States Census Bureau. April 19, 2005. Archived from the original on November 28, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2007.

• Niemeier, Bernie (September 28, 2009). "Unique structural issues make progress in Virginia difficult". Virginia Business. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2009.

• "Dillon's Rule: Legal Framework for Decision Making" (PDF). University of Virginia. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2011. Retrieved November 22, 2010.

• Davis, Marc (January 31, 2008). "Chesapeake, Suffolk on track to pass neighbors in terms of population". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on January 8, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2008.

• "Virginia 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File". United States Census Bureau. April 1, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2011.

• "NNSY History". United States Navy. August 27, 2007. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2010.

• "All About Suffolk". Suffolk. February 12, 2007. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2008.

• Somashekhar, Sandhya; Gardner, Amy (July 5, 2009). "To Be or Not to Be Fairfax County?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2009.

• "Doing Business in Fairfax County". Fairfax County Economic Development Authority. June 26, 2007. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2007.

• Hager, Hannah (November 12, 2010). "Loudoun named richest county in the nation, again". Loudoun Times-Mirror. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2011.

• Battiata, Mary (November 27, 2005). "Silent Streams". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.

• "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017". 2017 Population Estimate. United States Census Bureau. February 1, 2019. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.

• "Results from the 1860 Census". The Civil War Home Page. Archived from the original on June 4, 2004.

• Resident Population Data. "Resident Population Data – 2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2016.

• "State Resident Population—Components of Change: 2010 to 2018" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. December 27, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2010.

• "Center Of Population Project". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2000. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2016.

• Aisch, Gregor; Gebeloff, Robert; Quealy, Kevin (August 14, 2014). "Where We Came From and Where We Went, State by State". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• "Virginia – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2012.

• "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Virginia". U.S. Census Bureau. 2018. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2019.

• Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2012.

• Miller et al. 2003, pp. 6, 147.

• Lieberson, Stanley & Waters, Mary C. (1986). "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 487 (79): 82–86. doi:10.1177/0002716286487001004.

• Fischer, David Hackett (1989). Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 633–639. ISBN 978-0-19-503794-4.

• W. J. Rorabaugh, Donald T. Critchlow, Paula C. Baker (2004). America's promise: a concise history of the United States Archived April 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 29. ISBN 0-7425-1189-8.

• "Scots-Irish Sites in Virginia". Virginia Is For Lovers. January 3, 2008. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2008.

• "Scots-Irish Heritage – Virginia Is For Lovers". Virginia.org. 2011. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.

• Keller, Christian B. (2001). "Pennsylvania and Virginia Germans during the Civil War". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 109: 37–86. Archived from the original on May 22, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.

• "Total Ancestry Reported". 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2019.

• Raby, John (February 3, 2011). "Virginians in the census: 8 million total, 1M in Fairfax County". The Virginian-Pilot. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2011.

• Pinn 2009, p. 175; Chambers 2005, pp. 10–14

• Frey, William H. (May 2004). "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000" (PDF). The Living Cities Census Series: 1–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2007. Retrieved September 10, 2008.

• "Virginia ranks highest in U.S. for black-white marriages". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved April 20, 2014.

• Cai, Qian (February 2008). "Hispanic Immigrants And Citizens In Virginia". Numbers Count. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2012.

• Wilder, Layla (March 28, 2008). "Centreville: The Gazette". Gazette. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.

• Wilder, Layla (August 1, 2015). "Centreville: The census". census. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.

• Wood, Joseph (January 1997). "Vietnamese American Place Making in Northern Virginia". Geographical Review. 87 (1): 58–72. doi:10.2307/215658. JSTOR 215658.

• Wilder, Layla (March 28, 2008). "Centreville: The New Koreatown?". Fairfax County Times. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2009.

• Firestone, Nora (June 12, 2008). "Locals celebrate Philippine Independence Day". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.

• Schulte, Brigid (November 23, 2007). "As Year's End Nears, Disappointment". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2008.

• "Virginia". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on December 1, 2007. Retrieved August 20, 2013.

• Joseph 2006, p. 63.

• Clay III, Edwin S.; Bangs, Patricia (May 9, 2005). "Virginia's Many Voices". Fairfax County, Virginia. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved November 28, 2007.

• Miller, John J. (August 2, 2005). "Exotic Tangier". National Review. Retrieved October 9, 2008.

• NW, 1615 L. St; Washington, Suite 800; Inquiries, DC 20036 USA202-419-4300 | Main202-419-4349 | Fax202-419-4372 | Media. "Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics | Pew Research Center". Archived from the original on March 12, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". www.thearda.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2013.

• Vegh, Steven G. (November 10, 2006). "2nd Georgia church joins moderate Va. Baptist association". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved December 18, 2007.

• "SBCV passes 500 mark". Baptist Press. November 20, 2007. Archived from the original on February 19, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2007.

• Boorstein, Michelle (March 10, 2014). "Supreme Court won't hear appeal of dispute over Episcopal Church's property in Va". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.

• Walker, Lance. "USA-Virginia". Mormon Newsroom. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.

• Olitzky 1996, p. 359.

• Alfaham, Sarah (September 11, 2008). "Muslims' visibility in region growing". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Charlottesville Daily Progress. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2009.

• "Megachurch Search Results". Hartford Institute for Religion Research. 2008. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2008.

• "The Virginia Department of Labor and Industry: Frequently Asked Questions: Labor & Employment Law". Archived from the original on December 7, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.

• "Virginia State Energy Profiles". Energy Information Administration. United States Department of Energy. June 26, 2008. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.

• "Virginia facts". National Geographic. April 2, 2008. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.

• "Virginia State Unemployment Rate and Total Unemployed". Department of Numbers. July 2017. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved December 22, 2018.

• "Best Places to Live 2011 – Top 25: Fastest job growth – from MONEY Magazine". CNN. July 14, 2010. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.

• "Gross domestic product (GDP) by state". Bureau of Economic Analysis. November 14, 2018. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2019.

• "Per capita personal income". Regional Economic Information System. Bureau of Economic Analysis. April 2007. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved November 24, 2007.

• Matt Woolsey, America's Richest Counties, Forbes.com, 01.22.08, 6:00 p.m. ET Archived May 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Forbes.com Web site. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.

• "Best Places to Live 2011 – Top 25: Biggest earners – from MONEY Magazine". CNN. July 14, 2010. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.

• Frank, Robert (January 15, 2014). "Top states for millionaires per capita". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 22, 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2014.

• Vogel, Steve (May 27, 2007). "How the Pentagon Got Its Shape". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2009.

• Helderman, Rosalind S. (May 6, 2010). "Virginia's love-hate relationship with federal spending". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.

• Sauter, Michael B.; Uible, Lisa; Nelson, Lisa; Hess, Alexander E. M. (August 3, 2012). "States That Get The Most Federal Money". Fox Business Network. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.

• Ellis, Nicole Anderson (September 1, 2008). "Virginia weighs its dependence on defense spending". Virginia Business. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.

• Fox, Justin (February 8, 2007). "The Federal Job Machine". Time. Archived from the original on December 3, 2007. Retrieved November 7, 2007.

• "Bob McDonnell says Virginia is No. 1 state in veterans per capita". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on October 7, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013.

"Virginia Finally Comes Into Play". CBS News. October 17, 2008. Archived from the original on October 21, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008.

• "Virginia Transportation Modeling Program". Virginia Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013.

• "Salaries of Virginia state employees 2012–13". Richmond Times-Dispatch. June 30, 2013. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.

• Poersch, Gregory (April 2, 2008). "1 of Out of 11 Workers in Virginia in Tech Industry, Highest Concentration in the Nation, AeA Says". American Electronics Association. Reuters. Archived from the original on January 22, 2010. Retrieved October 7, 2007.

• Censer, Marjorie (October 4, 2011). "Virginia loses tech jobs but maintains highest concentration in U.S." TechAmerica. Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2012.

• Richards, Gregory (February 24, 2007). "Computer chips now lead Virginia exports". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2008.

• "State Exports from Virginia". census.gov. United States Census. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2016.

• Soldner, Allan (August 8, 2014). "Virginia has the Fastest Internet Speed within the US, Report Shows". The Week. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2014.

• Bacqué, Peter (December 13, 2013). "Va. Power certifies West Creek as potential data center site". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2014.

• Rareshide, Michael. "Top 10 Largest Data Center Markets in the United States". Archived from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• Dolan-Del Vecchio, Erik. "Largest U.S. Data Center Markets Continue To Boom". Bisnow Media. Archived from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• Badenhausen, Kurt (November 28, 2018). "The Best States for Business 2018". Forbes. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 9, 2019.

• "Top States 2018: Virginia". CNBC. July 10, 2018. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2019.

• "Best and Worst States for Business Owners". Fundivo. August 27, 2014. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2014.

• "Virginia's Fortune 500 list grows". Virginia Business. June 8, 2017. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2019.

• Clabaugh, Jeff (September 4, 2013). "Virginia tourism sets record". Washington Business Journal. Archived from the original on October 7, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013.

• Scott McCaffrey (September 9, 2013). "Fairfax Narrowly Misses Out on No. 1 Ranking in Va. Tourism Spending". Sun Gazette. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2013.

• Blackwell & Causey 2005, p. 461.

• "Virginia Agriculture — Facts and Figures". Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 2012. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2012.

• McNatt, Linda (October 17, 2007). "Tomato moves into the top money-making spot in Virginia". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on May 23, 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2007.

• "Virginia" (PDF). 2007 Census of Agriculture. United States Census Bureau. July 17, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 20, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2009.

• McBryde, John (January 21, 2015). "Virginia's Bountiful Seafood Harvest". Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.

• "Governor McAuliffe Launches New Virginia Oyster Trail" (PDF) (Press release). Governor of Virginia. August 19, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2019.

• Bhattarai, Abha (September 23, 2016). "As wine sales hit record highs, Virginia wineries are in a race for grapes". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2019.

• "About the United States Wine and Grape Industry". National Association of American Wineries. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.

• "Sales and Use Tax". Virginia Department of Taxation. April 25, 2014. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.

• "Virginia Tax Facts" (PDF). Virginia Department of Taxation. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.

• McGraw 2005, p. 14.

• Fischer & Kelly 2000, pp. 102–103.

• "Roots of Virginia Culture" (PDF). Smithsonian Folklife Festival 2007. Smithsonian Institution. July 5, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 29, 2008.

• Williamson 2008, p. 41.

• Gray & Robinson 2004, pp. 81, 103.

• Kirkpatrick, Mary Alice. "Summary of Jurgen: A Comedy of Justice". Library of Southern Literature. University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on June 1, 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2009.

• Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (November 2, 2006). "William Styron, Novelist, Dies at 81". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2009.

• Dirda, Michael (November 7, 2004). "A Coed in Full". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 26, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2009.

• Jackman, Tom (May 27, 2012). "Fairfax native Matt Bondurant's book is now the movie 'Lawless'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 28, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2012.

• Fain, Travis (June 27, 2014). "Gov. taps new OIG, elections chief, hires House member". Daily Press. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

• "State Arts Agency Funding and Grant Making" (PDF) (Press release). National Assembly of State Arts Agencies. March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2010.

• Smith 2008, pp. 22–25.

• Howard, Burnham & Burnham 2006, pp. 88, 206, 292.

• "Mission & History". Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. 2007. Archived from the original on August 27, 2007. Retrieved December 9, 2007.

• Howard, Burnham & Burnham 2006, pp. 165–166.

• Goodwin 2012, p. 154.

• Rice, Ruth (November 27, 2006). "Holiday magic: Arcadia play tells tale of Christmas poem". The Tribune-Democrat. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2010.

• "The Roots and Branches of Virginia Music". Folkways. Smithsonian Institution. 2007. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2014.

• Pace, Reggie (August 14, 2013). "12 Virginia Bands You Should Listen to Now". Paste. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2014.

• Dickens, Tad (June 3, 2014). "Old Dominion country band has Roanoke Valley roots". The Roanoke Times. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.

• Howard, Burnham & Burnham 2006, pp. 29, 121, 363, 432.

• Scott & Scott 2004, pp. 307–308

• Goodwin 2012, pp. 25, 287.

• Meyer, Marianne (June 7, 2007). "Live!". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2008.

• "Virginia Lake Festival". Virginia Tourism Corporation. 2008. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2008.

• Goodwin 2012, pp. 25–26.

• "Local Television Market Universe Estimates" (PDF). September 12, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014.

• "Virginia TV Stations". MondoTimes. 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.

• "FM Query". Federal Communications Commission. May 6, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.

• "AM Query". Federal Communications Commission. May 6, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.

• "Highest Circulation Virginia Newspapers". Mondo Newspapers. 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014.

• "USA Today posts small circulation gain as it undergoes a revamp to counter Internet threat". Reading Eagle. Associated Press. April 20, 2011. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.

• "Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville". UNESCO. October 15, 2008. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

• "Virginia State Comparisons Data". National Assessment of Educational Progress. 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "Virginia Earns a B-Minus on State Report Card, Ranks Tenth in Nation". Education Week. September 5, 2018. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "Virginia School Report Card". Virginia Department of Education. 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2008.

• Connors, Mike; Gregory, Sara (October 1, 2018). "Graduation rates inch up around Virginia; some Hampton Roads divisions see improvement". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on March 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "State Report Cards". Virginia Department of Education. 2018. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2011.

• "Public School report" (CSV). Virginia Department of Education. 2018. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• Lombard, Hamilton (December 17, 2018). "Virginia's school enrollment declined in 2018 for the first time in decades". Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "Governor's School Program". Virginia Department of Education. 2019. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "School Locater". Virginia Council for Private Education. 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "Home-Schooled Students and Religious Exemptions" (XLS). Virginia Department of Education. 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "College Navigator — Search Results". National Center for Education Statistics. United States Department of Education. 2019. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "Top Public National Universities 2019". U.S. News and World Report. September 9, 2018. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2018.

• "Best Art Schools". U.S. News and World Report. 2016. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "Regional Universities South Rankings". U.S. News and World Report. September 9, 2018. Archived from the original on March 15, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• Mattingly, Justin (December 20, 2018). "'We were no different': Virginia Military Institute integrated 50 years ago". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "SWCC Presidential Profile" (PDF). Virginia's Community Colleges. September 17, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• National Liberal Arts Colleges Ranking (U.S. News) Archived March 27, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, accessed May 21, 2017

• Hayes, Heather B. (December 31, 2018). "Teaching outside the box". Virginia Business. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.

• "Sentara Norfolk General Hospital-Sentara Heart Hospital, Norfolk, Va". Best Hospitals. U.S. News & World Report. 2007. Archived from the original on July 17, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2008.

• Szabo, Liz (May 12, 2004). "America's first 'test-tube baby'". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2008.

• "Virginia". America's Health Rankings 2013. United Health Foundation. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.

• Kumar, Anita (August 4, 2009). "Infant Mortality in Virginia Falls to All-Time Low". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2009.

• "Virginia – 2009 Overweight and Obesity (BMI)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2011.

• "Virginia – 2007 Exercise". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2011.

• "Measuring Virginia's Obesity Rates". Virginia Performs. 2009. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009. Retrieved March 25, 2009.

• "Va. restaurant owners bracing for smoke ban". The Washington Times. Associated Press. November 30, 2009. Archived from the original on December 1, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.

• "Quick Facts". American Human Development Project. Social Science Research Council. 2012. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.

• "Hospital Compare". United States Department of Health and Human Services. December 11, 2010. Archived from the original on January 8, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2011.

• "University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville". Best Hospitals. U.S. News & World Report. 2007. Archived from the original on June 15, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2008.

• Walker, Keith (December 9, 2008). "Va. gets high disaster preparedness marks". Inside NoVA. Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2008.

• O'Connell, Jonathan (December 18, 2013). "Metro considers building 'inner loop' of new stations to ease congestion in system's core". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2019.

• O'Leary, Amy A. (April 1998). "Beyond the Byrd Road Act: VDOT's Relationship with Virginia's Urban Counties" (PDF). Virginia Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 8, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2009.

• "Virginia's Highway System". Virginia Department of Transportation. February 13, 2018. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• Mummolo, Jonathan (September 19, 2007). "A Ranking Writ In Brake Lights: D.C. 2nd in Traffic". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2008.

• "Measuring Traffic Congestion in Virginia". Virginia Performs. April 9, 2009. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2009.

• Badger, Emily. "The American decline in driving actually began way earlier than you think". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• Buske, Jennifer (October 14, 2010). "VRE sets ridership record". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2011.

• "FY 2015-FY 2024 Proposed Capital Improvement Plan". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 3, 2014.

• Hosh, Kafia A. (April 15, 2011). "Federal, Va. officials object to underground Metro station at Dulles airport". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2011.

• "Ferry Information". Virginia Department of Transportation. December 4, 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved February 14, 2008.

• "Airports". Virginia Department of Aviation. 2006. Archived from the original on April 29, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.

• "Port/Maritime". Virginia Performs. 2009. Archived from the original on April 13, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2009.

• Goodwin 2012, p. 305.

• Ruane, Michael E. (December 17, 2006). "At Va. Spaceport, Rocket Launches 1,000 Dreams". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2009.

• Hart, Kim (April 21, 2007). "Travel agency launches tourists on out-of-this-world adventures". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved May 26, 2008.

• Helderman, Rosalind S.; Jenkins, Chris L. (May 7, 2006). "Latest Budget Standoff Met With Shrugs". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2007.

• Strum, Albert L.; Howard, A. E. Dick (June 1977). "Commentaries on the Constitution of Virginia by A. E. Dick Howard". The American Political Science Review. 71 (2): 714–715. doi:10.2307/1978427. JSTOR 1978427.

• "Virginia Courts In Brief" (PDF). Virginia Judicial System. May 5, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2009.

• Lettner, Kimberly (2008). "Message from the Chief". The Division of Capitol Police. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2009.

• Listman, Jr., John W.; Carter, III, Lt. Col. Chester C. (August 20, 2007). "Serving Commonwealth and Country". Virginia Army National Guard. Archived from the original on August 11, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2008.

• Williams, Carol J. (September 23, 2010). "Virginia's execution of a woman may signal shift in national thinking". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 24, 2010.

• "Quick Facts for Virginia". The Washington Post. 2009. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved September 11, 2009.

• Rosenwald, Michael S. (April 13, 2011). "Va. returning prisoners to jail at lower-than-average rate, study shows". The Washington Post.

• Vozzella, Laura (April 23, 2016). "Shad Planking, a venerable Va. political confab, tries to reel in a new crowd". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.

• Sweeney, James R. (1999). ""Sheep without a Shepherd": The New Deal Faction in the Virginia Democratic Party". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 29 (2): 438. doi:10.1111/1741-5705.00043. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved March 31, 2008.

• Burchett, Michael H. (Summer 1997). "Promise and prejudice: Wise County, Virginia and the Great Migration, 1910–1920". The Journal of Negro History. 82 (3): 312–327. doi:10.2307/2717675. JSTOR 2717675.

• Eisman, Dale (October 25, 2006). "Webb, Allen court Hispanic, white-collar voters in N. Va". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved March 29, 2008.

• Przybyla, Heidi (November 7, 2012). "Obama Repeats Win in Former Republican Stronghold Virginia". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved November 24, 2012.

• Turque, Bill; Wiggins, Ovetta; Stewart, Nikita (February 13, 2008). "In Virginia, Results Signal A State in Play for November". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved September 29, 2008.

• Miller, Gary; Schofield, Norman (May 2003). "Activists and Partisan Realignment in the United States". The American Political Science Review. 97 (2): 245–260. doi:10.1017/s0003055403000650. JSTOR 3118207.

• Craig, Tim (December 11, 2007). "Tensions Could Hurt Majority in Va. Senate". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2007.

• Clemons, Michael L.; Jones, Charles E. (July 2000). "African American Legislative Politics in Virginia". Journal of Black Studies. 30 (6, Special Issue: African American State Legislative Politics): 744–767. doi:10.1177/002193470003000603. JSTOR 2645922.

• Craig, Tim; Kumar, Anita (November 8, 2007). "Kaine Hails 'Balance' in New Political Landscape". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2007.

• Helderman, Rosalind S.; Kumar, Anita (November 4, 2009). "GOP reclaims Virginia". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 19, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.

• Lewis, Bob (November 10, 2011). "GOP claims Va. Senate majority after Dem concedes". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 13, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2011.

• "Decision 2013: Virginia general election results". The Washington Post. November 6, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.

• "McAuliffe wins nailbiter Virginia governor's race". CBS News. November 6, 2013. Archived from the original on November 6, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.

• Bycoffe, Aaron (November 6, 2013). "2013 Elections: Governor, Mayor, Congress". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 7, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.

• Lavender, Paige (November 6, 2013). "Virginia Election Results: Terry McAuliffe Beats Ken Cuccinelli In Governor's Race". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 7, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.

• "2013: Virginia House of Delegates election results". Virginia Board of Elections. November 12, 2013. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.

• Barakat, Matthew (November 7, 2017). "Virginia House up for grabs after Democrats' historic gains". The Seattle Times. AP. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• Moomaw, Graham (January 4, 2018). "Del. David E. Yancey wins tiebreaker for key Virginia House of Delegates seat". Fredericksburg.com. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• Lewis, Bob (November 11, 2012). "In the aftermath of the 2012 election, battleground Virginia's political winners and losers". Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 12, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2012.

• Kumar, Anita (November 5, 2008). "Warner Rolls Past His Fellow Former Governor". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2008.

• Bitter, Andy (November 28, 2015). "Bowl-bound Hokies rally to top UVa again". The Roanoke Times. Retrieved December 1, 2015.

• Minium, Harry (July 19, 2001). "Region Works to Attract Franchise Area Makes "Short List" for Existing Team's Move" (PDF). The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2008. Retrieved December 9, 2007.

• Utt, Ronald D. (October 2, 1998). "Cities in Denial: The False Promise of Subsidized Tourist and Entertainment Complexes". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on March 13, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2009.

• Phillips, Michael (August 17, 2013). "Virginia contemplates making play for new Redskins stadium". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved September 5, 2013.

• O'Connor, John (April 2, 2010). "Squirrels will nest at Diamond for several years". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2010.

• "Baseball in Virginia". Virginia is for Lovers. 2011. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.

• "Richmond Kickers". United Soccer League. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018.

• Phillips, Michael (August 22, 2013). "Washington Redskins go home to spruced-up facility". The Roanoke Times. Archived from the original on September 5, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013.

• "NASCAR in Virginia". Virginia is for Lovers. 2011. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.

• Sylwester, MaryJo; Witosky, Tom (February 18, 2004). "Athletic spending grows as academic funds dry up". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 3, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2010.

• Brady, Erik (December 14, 2006). "Virginia town is big game central". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2008.

• Welch 2006, pp. 1–3.

• "Capitol Classroom". Virginia General Assembly. December 13, 2007. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.

• "Listen: Virginia Now Has 2 State Songs". Patch. March 27, 2015. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.

A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in business administration or management. According to Kaplan business schools are "educational institutions that specialize in teaching courses and programs related to business and/or management".[1] Such a school can also be known as school of management, school of business administration, or colloquially b-school or biz school. A business school teaches topics such as accounting, administration, strategy, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, human resource management, management science, management information systems, international business, logistics, marketing, organizational psychology, organizational behavior, public relations, research methods and real estate among others.

There are several forms of business schools, including a school of business, business administration, and management.

1. Most of the university business schools consist of faculties, colleges, or departments within the university, and predominantly teach business courses (e.g. Mannheim Business School).
2. In North America, a business school is often understood to be a university program that offers a graduate Master of Business Administration degrees and/or undergraduate bachelor's degrees (e.g. Harvard Business School).
3. In Europe and Asia, some universities teach predominantly business courses (e.g. Copenhagen Business School).
4. Privately owned business school which is not affiliated with any university (e.g. WHU-Otto Beisheim School of Management).

Kaplan classifies business schools along four Corners:[2]

1. Culture (Europe - US): Independent of their actual (physical) location, business schools can be classified according to whether they follow the European or the US model.
2. Compass (international/global – regional/local): Business schools can be classified along a continuum, with international/ global schools on one end and regional/ local schools on the other.
3. Capital (public – private): Business schools can either be publicly (state) funded or privately funded, for example through endowments or tuition fees.
4. Content (teaching – research): Business school can be classified according to whether a school considers teaching or research to be its primary focus.

Common degrees are as follows.

• Associate's degree: AA, AAB, ABA, AS
• Bachelor's Degrees:

BCom, BA, BS, BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration), BBus (Bachelor of Business), BSBA, BAcc, BABA, BBS, BMOS and BBusSc (Bachelor of Business Science)

• Master's Degrees: MBA, MBM, Master of Management, MAcc, MMR, MSMR, MPA, MISM, MSM, MHA, MSF, MSc, MST, MMS, EMBA and MCom. At Oxford and Cambridge business schools an MPhil or MSc, is awarded in place of an MA.
• Doctoral Degrees: Ph.D., DBA, DHA, DM, Doctor of Commerce (DCOM), PhD in Management or Business Doctorate (Doctor of Philosophy), Doctor of Professional Studies (DPS)

Some business schools structure their teaching around the use of case studies (i.e. the case method). Case studies have been used in Graduate and Undergraduate business education for nearly one hundred years. Business cases are historical descriptions of actual business situations. Typically, information is presented about a business firm's products, markets, competition, financial structure, sales volumes, management, employees and other factors influencing the firm's success. The length of a business case study may range from two or three pages to 30 pages, or more.

Business schools often obtain case studies published by the Harvard Business School, INSEAD, London Business School, the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University, the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan, the Richard Ivey School of Business at The University of Western Ontario, the Darden School at the University of Virginia, IESE, other academic institutions, or case clearing houses (such as The Case Centre). Harvard's most popular case studies include Lincoln Electric Co.[44] and Google, Inc.[45]

Students are expected to scrutinize the case study and prepare to discuss strategies and tactics that the firm should employ in the future. Three different methods have been used in business case teaching:

1. Preparing case-specific questions to be answered by the student. This is used with short cases intended for Undergraduate students. The underlying concept is that such students need specific guidance to be able to analyze case studies.
2. Problem-solving analysis is the second method initiated by the Harvard Business School which is by far the most widely used method in MBA and executive development programs. The underlying concept is that with enough practice (hundreds of case analyses) students develop intuitive skills for analyzing and resolving complex business situations. Successful implementation of this method depends heavily on the skills of the discussion leader.
3. A generally applicable strategic planning approach. This third method does not require students to analyze hundreds of cases. A strategic planning model is provided and students are instructed to apply the steps of the model to six – and up to a dozen cases – during a semester. This is sufficient to develop their ability to analyze a complex situation, generate a variety of possible strategies and to select the best ones. In effect, students learn a generally applicable approach to analyze cases studies and real situations.[46] This approach does not make any extraordinary demands on the artistic and dramatic talents of the teacher. Consequently, most professors are capable of supervising the application of this method.

In contrast to the case method some schools use a skills-based approach in teaching business. This approach emphasizes quantitative methods, in particular operations research, management information systems, statistics, organizational behavior, modeling and simulation, and decision science. The leading institution in this method is the Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University. The goal is to provide students a set of tools that will prepare them to tackle and solve problems.

Another important approach used in business school is the use of business games that are used in different disciplines such as business, economics, management, etc. Some colleges are blending many of these approaches throughout their degree programs, and even blending the method of delivery for each of these approaches. A study from by Inside Higher Ed and the Babson Survey Research Group[48] shows that there is still disagreement as to the effectiveness of the approaches but the reach and accessibility is proving to be more and more appealing. Liberal arts colleges in the United States like New England College,[49] Wesleyan University,[50] and Bryn Mawr College are now offering complete online degrees in many business curriculae despite the controversy that surrounds the learning method.

There are also several business schools which still rely on the lecture method to give students a basic business education. Lectures are generally given from the professor's point of view, and rarely require interaction from the students unless notetaking is required. Lecture as a method of teaching in business schools has been criticized by experts for reducing the incentive and individualism in the learning experience.[51]

• "Andreas Kaplan: A school is "a building that has four walls…with tomorrow inside": Toward the reinvention of the business school". Business Horizons. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.010.

• "Andreas Kaplan: A school is "a building that has four walls…with tomorrow inside": Toward the reinvention of the business school". Business Horizons. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.010.

• Rodrigues, Lúcia Lima. "Aula do Comércio (1759-1844): Primeiro Estabelecimento Governamental de Ensino de Contabilidade" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ordem dos Técnicos Oficiais de Contas. Retrieved 9 April 2012.

• Rodrigues, Lúcia Lima. "Aula do Comércio (1759-1844): Primeiro Estabelecimento Governamental de Ensino de Contabilidade" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ordem dos Técnicos Oficiais de Contas. Retrieved 9 April 2012.

• "Business Schools and business programs - Graduate International".

• "Andreas Kaplan: European Management and European Business Schools: Insights from the History of Business Schools". European Management Journal. 32: 529–534. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2014.03.006.

• "Focus On - Generation Europe Foundation - Career Guidance (page 5)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-17.

• "Business Schools and business programs - Graduate International".

• "ESCP EUROPE - Torino". TopUniversities. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• Warsaw Campus - escpeurope.eu

• Mansoor Iqbal (2 December 2015). "The 10 Top European Business Schools According to International Recruiters". TopMBA. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• "The University of Antwerp, Belgium". TheCompleteUniversity. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• "BBS History".

• Ginibrière, Gaëlle (14 May 2013). "Business Schools: Rouen and Reims unite to view larger". Lefigaro (in French). Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• "Wharton History". The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2012-06-03.

• "Haas School of Business". Haas School of Business. Retrieved 4 March 2016.

• "History of Haas". Haas School of Business. Retrieved 4 March 2016.

• "Chicago Booth School of Business". Chicago Booth School of Business. Retrieved 2 Dec 2014.

• "HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management". Archived from the original on 2018-10-15. Retrieved 2018-12-19.

• "Definition: Betriebswirtschaftlehre (BWL)" (in German). Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon. Retrieved 10 June 2012.

• Tuck School of Business | History. Tuck.dartmouth.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-26.

• "Birmingham Business School". The Independent. London. 2010-12-12.

• History | Desautels. mcgill.ca

• "History of the School". SGH. Retrieved 8 August 2012.

• "1908-1917 | Kellogg School of Management | Northwestern University". www.kellogg.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2016-05-20.

• "History of the MBA MBA Friday Facts". www.topmba.com.

• Kaplan, Andreas M (2014). "European Management and European Business Schools: Insights from the History of Business Schools". European Management Journal. 32: 529–534. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2014.03.006.

• "HANKEN Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration". Helsinki. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-03-27. Retrieved 2018-12-19.

• "Kelley School of Business History".

• "Chicago Booth History". Chicago Booth School of Business. Retrieved 19 Jan 2017.

• "The growth and development of NHH". www.nhh.no. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-01.

• Gonzales, Angela (2007-02-05). "Thunderbird school changes name as it seizes new opportunities – Phoenix Business Journal". Phoenix.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Thunderbird history showcased through Arizona Memory Project – Thunderbird School of Global Management". Thunderbird.edu. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Wits Business School". MBA.co.za. Archived from the original on 2007-08-09. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Gordon Institute of Business Science". GIBS. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• XLRI- Xavier School of Management

• Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management

• "History - Faculty of Management Studies". fms.edu.

• "Institute of Business Administration - Karachi". iba.edu.pk.

• "IEDC – Bled School of Management". The Independent. London. 2010-12-21.

• "Charmed by China". Business Because. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "The Denver MBA".

• "Lincoln Electric Co". Harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Google Inc". Harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Chapter 1.2. A Model for Strategic Planning, Analyzing Cases and Decision Making". Mbatoolbox.org. 2006-02-22. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• Yumlembam, Dayananda. "MICA innovation to help Harvard business school sharpen teaching tools". Times of India. TNN. Retrieved 9 November 2015. When Harvard Business School was started, its faculty members realized that there were no textbooks suitable to a graduate program in business. That was when they decided to use case studies which are detailed accounts of innovative methods and practices that managers follow.

• Kolowich, Steve (29 June 2012). "Online Learning and Liberal Arts Colleges". Inside Highered. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• "Bisk Education". bisk.com.

• "Liberal arts college explore uses of 'blended' online learning - InsideHigherEd.com". insidehighered.com.

• J. Scott Armstrong (2012). "Natural Learning in Higher Education". Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning.

• Schreuder, Hein, Jeannet, Jean-Pierre. From Coal to Biotech The Transformation of DSM with Business School Support. ISBN 9783662462997. Retrieved 9 February 2017.

• "Which MBA?". Economist. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• "Eduniversal Rating: Palmes Of Excellence". Eduniversal Ranking. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• "Best Undergraduate Business Programs | Rankings | US News". Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-26. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Best Business School Rankings | MBA Program Rankings | US News". Grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Business school rankings from the Financial Times - Global MBA Rankings 2012". Rankings.ft.com. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Business Schools". Businessweek. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Business Schools - MBA Rankings and Executive Education Programs - Wsj.com". Online.wsj.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "From Best Business School to Best MBA Fit for You". Best Match. Retrieved 2014-05-01.

• J. Scott Armstrong (1994). "Learning versus Teaching: Reply to Commentaries" (PDF). Interfaces. 24: 39–43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-27. Retrieved 2012-02-06.

• "Business School Prestige – Research versus Teaching" (PDF). Journal of Marketing. American Marketing Association. 59: 101–106. 1995. [permanent dead link]

• J. Scott Armstrong and Tad Sperry (1994). "Book Reviewed: Peter Robinson, Snapshots from Hell, New York: Warner Books, 1994" (PDF). Interfaces. 24: 13–43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-20.

        Industry Description

Code	Concentration	More Info
	Business Administration
School: DeVry University Program: Business organizations today are seeking professionals with broad-based knowledge of modern business theory and practices and their interrelationships to meet the challenges of operating in a global electronic marketplace. Advanced computer technology is driving employers to look for graduates who can effectively apply technology to business strategy, management and decision-making. You may select from five majors*, including Accounting Business Information Systems E-Commerce Operations Management Project Management DeVry also offers a Business Administration degree with a General Business Option. *concentration in Illinois, New York and Pennsylvania :: Concentration: Administration ::     ::  Location: Crystal City (Arlington), VA ::  more info

Code	Concentration	More Info
	Gibbs School - Business Programs: Executive Office Professional Diploma Program
School: Gibbs College Program: The training offered in the Executive Office Professional curriculum emphasizes not only standard office skills, but also techniques of the office organization, tact, and diplomacy in business relations, and professional image. Graduates of this program may qualify for placement in fields such as banking, radio/television, publishing, education, transportation, communications, and government. Utilizing their technical skills on microcomputers, students should be prepared for positions with the area's leading businesses. :: Concentration: Administration ::     ::  Location: Vienna, VA ::  more info

Industry Description

Administration Degrees

Virginia Listing

The degree in Business/Administration program is designed for the working adult employed in a business or public organization. The major is designed to enable graduates to deal effectively with an increasingly complex business environment. The major stresses skill development in the areas of financial accounting, managerial finance, quantitative analysis, economics, marketing, and business-based research.

Business organizations today are seeking professionals with broad-based knowledge of modern business theory and practices and their interrelationships to meet the challenges of operating in a global electronic marketplace. Advanced computer technology is driving employers to look for graduates who can effectively apply technology to business strategy, management and decision-making.

You may select from different majors, including

• Accounting
• Business Information Systems
• E-Commerce
• Operations Management
• Project Management

top

Virginia VA Business Administration Sponsors

| Technical and Non-Technical Degrees | Chubb Institute | DeVry University | University of Phoenix | DeVry Keller University | College Searching

College Searching Sponsors

debt consolidation | University Online Degree | Home Remodeling | debt help | General Links |

about | contact | sitemap

College Searching and Online Degrees offer Associate, Bachelor, Masters and Ph.D. degrees in automotive, teaching, finance, internet technology, accounting, marketing, Virginia VA Business Administration, nursing, computer science, fashion and graphic design, and much more!