Get Your Degree Online!

:: Information Systems

In the United States, a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education. These certificates usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge about a certain vocational or professional subject. Certificate programs can be completed more quickly than associate degrees and often do not have general education requirements. Undergraduate certificates represent completion of a specific program offered in coordination with a bachelors degree. Graduate certificates represent completion of studies beyond the bachelor's degree, yet short of a masters degree.

In the State of Maryland, a Certificate of Merit was, until recently, issued to graduating high-school seniors who met certain academic requirements (such as completion of advanced courses and a cumulative GPA of 3.00); the statewide certificate has since been replaced by "endorsements" defined by each local school system.[3]

It also may be awarded as a necessary certification to validate that a student is considered competent in a certain specific networking skill area in information technology. Thus a computer engineer or computer science graduation most likely will have to obtain additional certificates on and pertaining to the specific technologies or equipment used by the hiring corporation; if not, such employer may suffer unwanted penalties like foregoing (voiding the contract) the protections of a certain level of customer service or warranties.

A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies. Most certifications are time-limited; some expire after a period of time (e.g., the lifetime of a product that required certification for use), while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met. Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up-to-date on advancements in the field, evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits (CECs), or continuing education units (CEUs), from approved professional development courses.

Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations, trade organizations, or private vendors interested in raising industry standards. Certificate programs are often created or endorsed by professional associations, but are typically completely independent from membership organizations. Certifications are very common in fields such as aviation, construction, technology, environment, and other industrial sectors, as well as healthcare, business, real estate, and finance.

According to The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997) by Phillip Barnhart, "certifications are portable, since they do not depend on one company's definition of a certain job" and they provide protential employers with "an impartial, third-party endorsement of an individual's professional knowledge and experience".[1]

Certification is different from professional licensure. In the United States, licenses are typically issued by state agencies, whereas certifications are usually awarded by professional societies or educational institutes. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. In other countries, licenses are typically granted by professional societies or universities and require a certificate after about three to five years and so on thereafter. The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than that of licensure, though sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same, despite differing in terms of legal status.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines the standard for being a certifying agency as meeting the following two requirements:

1. Delivering an assessment based on industry knowledge that is independent from training courses or course providers
2. Granting a time-limited credential to anyone who meets the assessment standards

The Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) is a U.S.-based organization that sets standards for the accreditation of personnel certification and certificate programs based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, a joint publication of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Many members of the Association of Test Publishers (ATP) are also certification organizations.

• Phillip Barnhart, The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997), HRD Press. ISBN 0-8493-9960-2 Retrieved electronically 7 July 2009.

• Master of Professional Studies in Real Estate. "Advanced Professional Certificate in Real Estate | Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies". Scs.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

• "Certificate Programs". lesley.edu.

Information systems (IS) are formal, sociotechnical, organizational systems designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information. In a sociotechnical perspective, information systems are composed by four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and technology.

A computer information system is a system composed of people and computers that processes or interprets information. The term is also sometimes used in more restricted senses to refer to only the software used to run a computerized database or to refer to only a computer system.

Information Systems is an academic study of systems with a specific reference to information and the complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also distribute data. An emphasis is placed on an information system having a definitive boundary, users, processors, storage, inputs, outputs and the aforementioned communication networks.

Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and decision-making. An information system is the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, and also the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.

Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.

Alter argues for advantages of viewing an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans or machines perform processes and activities using resources to produce specific products or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities are devoted to capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying information.

As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision making and action.

Information systems are the primary focus of study for organizational informatics.

Massachusetts (/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ (listen), /-zɪts/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named after the Massachusett tribe, which once inhabited the east side of the area, and is one of the original thirteen states. The capital of Massachusetts is Boston, which is also the most populous city in New England. Over 80% of Massachusetts's population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry.[41] Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade,[42] Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution.[43] During the 20th century, Massachusetts's economy shifted from manufacturing to services.[44] Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.[45]

Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Bay State The Pilgrim State; The Puritan State The Old Colony State The Baked Bean State[1]
Motto(s): Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem (Latin) By the sword we seek peace, but peace only under liberty
State song(s): "All Hail to Massachusetts"
Official language	English[2]
Spoken languages	English 77.4% Spanish 8.6% Portuguese 2.8%. Chinese 2.1%[3]
Demonym	Bay Stater (official)[4] Massachusite (traditional)[5][6]
Capital (and largest city)	Boston
Largest metro	Greater Boston
Area	Ranked 44th
• Total	10,565[7] sq mi (27,337 km2)
• Width	183 miles (295 km)
• Length	108 miles (174 km)
• % water	26.1
• Latitude	41° 14′ N to 42° 53′ N
• Longitude	69° 56′ W to 73° 30′ W
Population	Ranked 15th
• Total	6,902,149 (2018)
• Density	840/sq mi  (324/km2) Ranked 3rd
• Median household income	$77,385[8] (5th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Mount Greylock[9][10] 3,489 ft (1063.4 m)
• Mean	500 ft  (150 m)
• Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean Sea level
Before statehood	Province of Massachusetts Bay
Admitted to the Union	February 6, 1788 (6th)
Governor	Charlie Baker (R)
Lieutenant Governor	Karyn Polito (R)
Legislature	General Court
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	Elizabeth Warren (D) Ed Markey (D)
U.S. House delegation	9 Democrats (list)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC −5/−4
ISO 3166	US-MA
Abbreviations	MA, Mass.
Website	www.mass.gov

Massachusetts state symbols
The Flag of Massachusetts
The Seal of Massachusetts
Living insignia
Bird	Black-capped chickadee,[11] wild turkey[12][13]
Fish	Cod[13][14]
Flower	Mayflower[13][15]
Insect	Ladybug[13][16]
Mammal	Right whale,[17] Morgan horse,[18] Tabby cat,[19] Boston Terrier[20]
Reptile	Garter snake[13][21]
Tree	American elm[13][22]
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Cranberry juice[13][23]
Colors	Blue, green, cranberry[13][24]
Dance	Square dance[13][25]
Food	Cranberry,[26] corn muffin,[13][27] navy bean,[28] Boston cream pie,[29] chocolate chip cookie,[30] Boston cream doughnut[31]
Fossil	Dinosaur Tracks[32]
Gemstone	Rhodonite[13][33]
Mineral	Babingtonite[13][34]
Poem	"Blue Hills of Massachusetts"[13][35]
Rock	Rolling Rock[13][36]
Shell	New England Neptune, Neptunea lyrata decemcostata[13][39]
Ship	Schooner Ernestina [13]
Slogan	Make It Yours, The Spirit of America[37]
Soil	Paxton[13]
Sport	Basketball[38]
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2000[40]
Lists of United States state symbols

Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine [46]. Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, passengers of the Mayflower. In 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America's most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials.[47] In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, including interchangeable parts.[48] In 1786, Shays' Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention.[49] In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, originated from the pulpit of Northampton preacher Jonathan Edwards.[50] In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty"[51] for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution.

The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a powerful commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance,[52] and transcendentalist[53] movements.[54] In the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively.[55][56] In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.[57] Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams and Kennedy families. Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States,[58] with the largest financial endowment of any university,[59] and Harvard Law School has educated a contemporaneous majority of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.[60] Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet", in reference to the high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010.[61][62] Both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world.[63] Massachusetts' public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance,[64] and the state has been ranked as one of the top states in the United States for citizens to live in, as well as one of the most expensive.[65]

The United States Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that the Massachusetts gross state product in 2017 was US$527 billion.[204] The per capita personal income in 2012 was $53,221, making it the third-highest state in the nation.[205] As of January 2019, Massachusetts general minimum wage in the state is $12 per hour while the minimum wage for tipped workers is $4.35 an hour.[206]

In 2015, twelve Fortune 500 companies were located in Massachusetts: Liberty Mutual, Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company, TJX Companies, EMC Corporation, Raytheon, Staples Inc., Global Partners, Thermo Fisher Scientific, State Street Corporation, Biogen, Eversource Energy, and Boston Scientific.[207] CNBC's list of "Top States for Business for 2014" has recognized Massachusetts as the 25th-best state in the nation for business,[208] and for the second year in a row the state was ranked by Bloomberg as the most innovative state in America.[209] According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Massachusetts had the sixth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.73 percent.[210] Billionaires living in the state include past and present leaders (and related family) of local companies such as Fidelity Investments, New Balance, Kraft Group, Boston Scientific, and the former Continental Cablevision.[211] Boston-Logan International Airport is the busiest airport in New England, serving 33.4 million total passengers in 2015, and witnessing rapid growth in international air traffic since 2010.[212]

Sectors vital to the Massachusetts economy include higher education, biotechnology, information technology, finance, health care, tourism, manufacturing, and defense. The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment,[213] and high technology remains an important sector. In recent years tourism has played an ever-important role in the state's economy, with Boston and Cape Cod being the leading destinations.[214] Other popular tourist destinations include Salem, Plymouth, and the Berkshires. Massachusetts is the sixth-most popular tourist destination for foreign travelers.[215] In 2010, the Great Places in Massachusetts Commission published '1,000 Great Places in Massachusetts' that identified 1,000 sites across the commonwealth to highlight the diverse historic, cultural, and natural attractions.[216]

Cape Cod Bay, a leading tourist destination in Massachusetts. Tourism is important to the state's economy.

While manufacturing comprised less than 10% of Massachusetts's gross state product in 2016, the Commonwealth ranked 16th in the nation in total manufacturing output in the United States.[217] This includes a diverse array of manufactured goods such as medical devices, paper goods, specialty chemicals and plastics, telecommunications and electronics equipment, and machined components.[218][219]

As of 2012, there were 7,755 farms in Massachusetts encompassing a total of 523,517 acres (2,120 km2), averaging 67.5 acres (0.273 km2) apiece.[220] Particular agricultural products of note include green house products making up more than one third of the state's agricultural output, cranberries, sweet corn and apples are also large sectors of production.[221] Massachusetts is the second-largest cranberry-producing state in the union after Wisconsin.[222]

The more than 33,000 nonprofits in Massachusetts employ one-sixth of the state's workforce.[223] In 2007, Governor Deval Patrick signed into law a state holiday, Nonprofit Awareness Day.

In February 2017, U.S. News & World Report ranked Massachusetts the best state in the United States based upon 60 metrics including healthcare, education, crime, infrastructure, opportunity, economy, and government. The Bay State ranked number one in education, number two in healthcare, and number five in the handling of the economy.[65]

In 2018, Massachusetts's overall educational system was ranked the top among all fifty U.S. states by U.S. News & World Report.[188] Massachusetts was the first state in North America to require municipalities to appoint a teacher or establish a grammar school with the passage of the Massachusetts Education Law of 1647,[189] and 19th century reforms pushed by Horace Mann laid much of the groundwork for contemporary universal public education[190][191] which was established in 1852.[121] Massachusetts is home to the oldest school in continuous existence in North America (The Roxbury Latin School, founded in 1645), as well as the country's oldest public elementary school (The Mather School, founded in 1639),[192] its oldest high school (Boston Latin School, founded in 1635),[193] its oldest continuously operating boarding school (The Governor's Academy, founded in 1763),[194] its oldest college (Harvard University, founded in 1636),[195] and its oldest women's college (Mount Holyoke College, founded in 1837).[196]

Massachusetts's per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was eighth in the nation in 2012, at $14,844.[197] In 2013, Massachusetts scored highest of all the states in math and third-highest in reading on the National Assessment of Educational Progress.[198]

Massachusetts is home to 121 institutions of higher education.[199] Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, both located in Cambridge, consistently rank among the world's best private universities and universities in general.[200] In addition to Harvard and MIT, several other Massachusetts universities currently rank in the top 50 at the undergraduate level nationally in the widely cited rankings of U.S. News and World Report: Tufts University (#27), Boston College (#32), Brandeis University (#34), Boston University (#37) and Northeastern University (#40). Massachusetts is also home to three of the top five U.S. News and World Report's best Liberal Arts Colleges: Williams College (#1), Amherst College (#2), and Wellesley College (#4).[201] The public University of Massachusetts (nicknamed UMass) features five campuses in the state, with its flagship campus in Amherst that enrolls over 25,000 students.[202][203]

• Herman, Jennifer (2008). Massachusetts Encyclopedia. State History Publications, LLC. p. 7. Various nicknames have been given to describe Massachusetts, including the Bay State, the Old Bay State, the Pilgrim State, the Puritan State, the Old Colony State and, less often, the Baked Bean State

• Schwarz, Hunter (August 12, 2014). "States where English is the official language". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 29, 2014.

• "Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over – 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". American FactFinder. Retrieved February 6, 2016.

• "Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 2, Section 35: Designation of citizens of commonwealth". The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2008.

• "Collections". Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society. 1877: 435. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

• Jones, Thomas (1879). DeLancey, Edward Floyd, ed. History of New York During the Revolutionary War. New York: New-York Historical Society. p. 465. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

• "Massachusetts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

• "Median Annual Household Income". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved December 9, 2016.

• "Greylock RM 1 Reset". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey.

• Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.

• "Black-Capped Chickadee:Massachusetts State Bird". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 17, 2015.

• "Wild Turkey:Massachusetts State Game Bird". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 17, 2015.

• "Massachusetts Facts". Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "Cod: Massachusetts State Fish". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

• "Mayflower: Massachusetts State Flower". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

• "Ladybug: Massachusetts State Insect". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

• "Right Whale: Massachusetts State Marine Mammal". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

• "Morgan Horse: Massachusetts State Horse". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

• "Tabby Cat: Massachusetts State Cat". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

• "Boston Terrier: Massachusetts State Dog". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

• "Garter Snake: Massachusetts State Reptile". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

• "American Elm: Massachusetts State Tree". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

• "Cranberry Juice: Massachusetts State Beverage". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

• "Blue – Green – Cranberry: Massachusetts State Colors". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

• "Square Dance: Massachusetts State Folk Dance". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

• "Cranberry: Massachusetts State Berry". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

• "Corn Muffin: Massachusetts State Muffin". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 20, 2015.

• "Baked Navy Bean: Massachusetts State Bean". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 20, 2015.

• "Boston Creme Pie: Massachusetts State Dessert". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 20, 2015.

• "Chocolate Chip Cookie: Massachusetts State Cookie". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 20, 2015.

• "Boston Cream Donut: Massachusetts State Donut". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

• "Dinosaur Tracks: Massachusetts State Fossil". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 20, 2015.

• "Rhodonite: Massachusetts State Gem". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 20, 2015.

• "Babingtonite: Massachusetts State Mineral". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 20, 2015.

• "Blue Hills of Massachusetts: Massachusetts State Poem". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 20, 2015.

• "Rolling Rock: Massachusetts State Glacial Rock". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 20, 2015.

• "State Slogans". Ereferencedesk.com. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• Levenson, Michael (August 9, 2006). "Can you guess the state sport of Massachusetts?". The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 14, 2012.

• "New England Neptune: Massachusetts State Shell". StateSymbolsUSA.org. Retrieved April 23, 2015.

• "The Official Massachusetts State Quarter". theus50.com. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• Douglas, Craig. "Greater Boston gains population, remains 10th-largest region in U.S". bizjournals.com. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "Maritime Commerce". National Park Service. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "History of Lowell, Massachusetts". City of Lowell. Archived from the original on April 5, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "Staying Power: The Future of Manufacturing in Massachusetts" (PDF). The Center for Urban and Regional Policy School of Social Science, Urban Affairs, and Public Policy Northeastern University. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "Housing and Economic Development:Key Industries". mass.gov. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "Popham Colony". October 9, 2018 – via Wikipedia.

• "The 1692 Salem Witch Trials". Salem Witch Trials Museum. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "Springfield Armory: Technology in Transition" (PDF). National Park Service United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "Shays' Rebellion". ushistory.org. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "The First Great Awakening – Jonathan Edwards". revival-library.org. Archived from the original on April 22, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "Faneuil Hall". Celebrateboston.com. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "The Temperance Issue in the Election of 1840: Massachusetts". Teachushistory.org. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• Packer, Barbara (2007). The Transcendentalists. University of Georgia Press; First edition (April 25, 2007). ISBN 978-0820329581.

• "Images of the Antislavery Movement in Massachusetts". Masshist.org. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "Springfield College: The Birthplace of Basketball". Springfieldcollege.edu. Archived from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "The International Volleyball Hall of Fame". Volleyball.org. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "Massachusetts court strikes down ban on same-sex marriage". Reuters. November 18, 2003. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "History of Harvard University". Harvard University. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• Tamar Lewin (January 28, 2015). "Harvard's Endowment Remains Biggest of All". The New York Times. Retrieved March 6, 2015.

• Richard Wolf (March 16, 2016). "Meet Merrick Garland, Obama's Supreme Court nominee". USA Today. Retrieved March 16, 2016.

• "Kendall Square Initiative". MIT. Retrieved December 1, 2016.

• Lelund Cheung. "When a neighborhood is crowned the most innovative square mile in the world, how do you keep it that way?". Boston Globe. Retrieved December 3, 2016.

• [1] Times Higher Education. Accessed December 3, 2016.

• [2] Accessed January 27, 2017.

• "Best States Overall Ranking". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 29, 2017.

• Fermino, Jessie Little Doe. "Introduction to Wampanoag Grammar".

• Tooker, William Wallace (1904). Algonquian Names of some Mountains and Hills. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

• Salwen, Bert, 1978. Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period. In "Northeast", ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of "Handbook of North American Indians", ed. William C. Sturtevant, pp. 160–76. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution. Quoted in: Campbell, Lyle. 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 401

• Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 270

• "East Squantum Street (Moswetuset Hummock)". Quincy, Mass. Historical and Architectural Survey. Thomas Crane Public Library. 1986. Retrieved June 24, 2009.

• Neal, Daniel (1747). "XIV: The Present State of New England". The history of New-England. 2 (2 ed.). London: A. Ward. p. 216. OCLC 8616817. Retrieved June 24, 2009.

• "Part One: Concise Facts – Name". Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. Retrieved May 22, 2010.

• "Why is Massachusetts a Commonwealth?". mass.gov. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• "Kentucky as a Commonwealth". Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2010.

• Editor, Martin Finucane-Assistant Metro. "Why do we call Massachusetts a 'commonwealth'? Blame John Adams - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com.

• Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 6–7.

• "Origin & Early Mohican History". Stockbridge-Munsee Community — Band of Mohican Indians. Archived from the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.

• Brown & Tager 2000, p. 7.

• Hoxie, Frederick E (1996). Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-395-66921-1. OCLC 34669430. Retrieved July 30, 2009.

• Marr, JS; Cathey, JT (February 2010). "New hypothesis for cause of an epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (2): 281–286. doi:10.3201/e0di1602.090276.

• Koplow 2004, p. 13.

• "THE PILGRIMS". History.com. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

• Goldfield et al. 1998, pp. 29–30.

• Goldfield et al. 1998, p. 30.

• "The New England Colonies". ushistory.org. Retrieved April 24, 2015.

• Goldfield et al. 1998, p. 29.

• "Charter Of Massachusetts Bay 1629". let.rug.nl. Retrieved April 24, 2015.

• Michael Mullett: "Curwen, Thomas (c. 1610–1680)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004) Retrieved 17 November 2015

• Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 30–32.

• Barrows, Charles Henry (1911). The History of Springfield in Massachusetts for the Young: Being Also in Some Part the History of Other Towns and Cities in the County of Hampden. The Connecticut Valley Historical Society. pp. 46–48. US 13459.5.7.

• William Pynchon Archived September 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Bio.umass.edu. Retrieved September 7, 2013.

• "Connecticut's "Southwick Jog"". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

• Goldfield et al. 1998, p. 66.

• Brown & Tager 2000, p. 50.

• Perley, Sidney (April 18, 2014). "Historic Earthquakes". Earthquake Hazards Program. USGS. Archived from the original on November 10, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2011.

• "Memorandum". Boston Gazette. November 24, 1755. p. 1.

• Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 63–83.

• "The Intolerable Acts". ushistory.org. Retrieved April 24, 2015.

• Goldfield et al. 1998, pp. 88–90.

• Goldfield et al. 1998, pp. 95–96.

• Goldfield et al. 1998, pp. 96–97.

• "Massachusetts Legal Holidays". Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. Retrieved May 22, 2010.

• "John Fraylor. Salem Maritime National Historic Park". National Park Service. Retrieved September 3, 2012.

• "The Declaration of Independence". PBS. Retrieved April 25, 2015.

• McCullough, David (September 3, 2002). John Adams (1st ed.). Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0743223133.

• "Pennsylvania's Gradual Abolition Act of 1780". Explore PA history. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013.

• Rettig, Polly M. (April 3, 1978). "John Quincy Adams Birthplace". National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination. National Park Service. Retrieved April 24, 2015.

• "The Ratification of the U.S. Constitution in Massachusetts". Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved May 22, 2010.

• "On this day in 1820". Massmoments.org. Retrieved April 25, 2015.

• Brown & Tager 2000, p. 129.

• Brown & Tager 2000, p. 211.

• Brown & Tager 2000, p. 202.

• Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 133–36.

• Brown & Tager 2000, p. 179.

• Goldfield et al. 1998, p. 251.

• Goldfield et al. 1998, p. 254.

• Brown & Tager 2000, p. 185.

• Brown & Tager 2000, p. 183.

• Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 187–93.

• "Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Regiment". National Park Service. Retrieved October 19, 2009.

• "State Compulsory School Attendance Laws". infoplease.com. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

• Brown and Tager, p. 246.

• Brown & Tager 2000, p. 276.

• "Job Loss, Shrinking Revenues, and Grinding Decline in Springfield, Massachusetts: Is A Finance Control Board the Answer?" (PDF). University of Massachusetts Lowell. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

• Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p.111

• Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 275–83.

• Brown & Tager 2000, p. 284.

• Grunwald, Michael. Dig the Big Dig [3] The Washington Post. August 6, 2006. Retrieved May 31, 2010.

• "The Central Artery/Tunnel Project – The Big Dig". Massachusetts Department of Transportation – Highway Division. Retrieved April 26, 2015.

• "Massachusetts Hokkaido Association". Retrieved May 30, 2010.

• "Biography: Edward Moore Kennedy". American Experience. Retrieved May 28, 2010.

• "The Kennedys: A Family Tree". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved May 28, 2010.

• "BROOKE, Edward William, III". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved April 25, 2015.

• "George H.W. Bush Biography". biography.com. Retrieved April 26, 2015.

• BLAIR, RUSSELL. "Recreational Marijuana Passes In Massachusetts".

• "Massachusetts Marijuana Legalization, Question 4 (2016) - Ballotpedia".

• "Massachusetts". National Park Service. Retrieved May 26, 2010.

• "Mission". mass.gov. Retrieved April 22, 2015.

• Ricklefs, Robert (December 17, 2008). The Economy of Nature (6th ed.). W. H. Freeman. p. 96. ISBN 978-0716786979. Retrieved April 22, 2015.

• Stocker, Carol (November 17, 2005). "Old growth, grand specimens drive big-tree hunters". The Boston Globe. Retrieved October 17, 2009.

• "Current Research — Working Landscapes". The Center for Rural Massachusetts — The University of Massachusetts Amherst. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved March 19, 2009.

• "Northeastern Coastal Zone — Ecoregion Description". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved October 17, 2009.

• "MESA List Overview". Department of Energy and Environmental Affairs. Retrieved April 22, 2015.

• "Peregrine Falcon" (PDF). Commonwealth of Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife. Retrieved May 9, 2015.

• "Eastern Coyote". Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. Retrieved May 9, 2015.

• "Forests lure moose to Massachusetts". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved April 22, 2015.

• "Atlantic Flyway". National Audubon Society. Retrieved May 9, 2015.

• "Chasing loons: Banding the elusive birds at night on the Quabbin Reservoir". masslive.com. Retrieved April 23, 2015.

• "Coastal Waterbird Program". Mass Audubon. Retrieved May 28, 2010.

• "Commonly Caught Species". eregulations.com. The Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries. Retrieved May 9, 2015.

• Caffrey, D. J.; Worthley, L. H. (1927). Details - A progress report on the investigations of the European corn borer / - Biodiversity Heritage Library. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.108390.

• "Massachusetts climate averages". Weatherbase. Retrieved November 20, 2015.

• "Population: 1790 to 1990" (PDF). US: United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

• "Resident Population of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico". US: United States Census Bureau. 2000.

• "QuickFacts Massachusetts; UNITED STATES". 2018 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. February 5, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2019.

• "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". United States Census Bureau. December 23, 2015. Archived from the original (CSV) on December 23, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2016.

• "Centers of Population". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2015.

• "State Centers of Population". howderfamily.com. Retrieved April 26, 2015. I'll ... examine some individual state centers of population.

• Miller, Joshua. "Mass. population growth is tops in N.E". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 26, 2015.

• Mishra, Raja (December 22, 2006). "State's population growth on stagnant course". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 5, 2010.

• Bayles, Fred (March 21, 2001). "Minorities account for state population growth". USA Today. Retrieved June 5, 2010.

• Jane Walsh (November 25, 2015). "The most Irish town in America is named using US census data". IrishCentral. Retrieved May 8, 2016.

• "Massachusetts QuickFacts". US: United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

• Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer.

• Exner, Rich. "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". cleveland.com. Advance Ohio. Retrieved August 2, 2016.

• Brown & Tager 2000, p. 173.

• Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 173–79.

• Brown & Tager 2000, p. 203.

• Brown & Tager 2000, p. 301.

• "SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Chinese alone, Massachusetts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 8, 2016.

• "PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 25, 2018.

• "Massachusetts – Ethnic groups". City-Data.com. Retrieved April 26, 2015.

• For Bristol County see "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2016-01-12.

  • For Hampden County see "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States – 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  • For Worcester County see "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2016-01-12.

• Schweitzer, Sarah (February 15, 2010). "Lowell hopes to put 'Little Cambodia' on the map". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 31, 2010.

• "Indian Reservations in the Continental United States". National Park Service. Retrieved May 7, 2015.

• Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 180–82.

• Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 257–58.

• Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 300–4.

• Irwin, Patricia; Nagy, Naomi. "Bostonians /r/ Speaking: A Quantitative Look at (R) in Boston". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved April 26, 2015.

• "Massachusetts". Modern Language Association. Retrieved August 21, 2013.

• Butterfield, Fox (May 14, 1989). "The Perfect New England Town". The New York Times. Retrieved May 30, 2010.

• Michael Lipka and Benjamin Wormald (February 29, 2016). "How religious is your state?". Pew research center. Retrieved May 5, 2018.

• "Headquarters of the Unitarian Universalist Association". Unitarian Universalist Association. Retrieved April 27, 2015.

• "The UUA to Sell its Beacon Hill Properties, Move to Innovation District". Unitarian Universalist Association. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2015.

• "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". Association of Religion Data Archives. Retrieved November 22, 2013.

• "Adults in Massachusetts". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. May 11, 2015.

• "2015-16 SAT Performance Statewide Report". profiles.doe.mass.edu.

• "The 10 Best U.S. States for Education - 2. New Jersey". U.S. News & World Report. February 27, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.

• Dejnozka et al. 1982, p. 313.

• Dejnozka et al. 1982, p. 311.

• Goldfield et al. 1998, pp. 251–52.

• "Mather Elementary School". Boston Public Schools. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

• Ramírez, Eddy (November 29, 2007). "The First Class State". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2010.

• "#26 The Governors Academy, Byfield, Mass". Business Insider. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

• Rimer, Sara; Finder, Alan (February 10, 2007). "Harvard Plans to Name First Female President". The New York Times. Retrieved June 5, 2010.

• "Mount Holyoke Admissions Information". StudyPoint. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

• Bidwell, Allie. "How States Are Spending Money in Education". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

• "Are the nation's twelfth-graders making progress in mathematics and reading?". National Assessment of Educational Progress. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

• "A Practical Guide to Living in the State – Education". MA, US: Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. Retrieved June 2, 2010.

• "World's Best Universities:Top 400". U.S. News & World Report. February 25, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.

• "National Liberal Arts Colleges Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2015.

• "The UMass System". University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved May 25, 2010.

• "UMass – Facts 2009–2010" (PDF). University of Massachusetts Amherst. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2010.

• [4]

• "State Personal Income 2008" (PDF). Bureau of Economic Analysis. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.

• Casteel, Kathryn (February 7, 2017). "The Minimum Wage Movement Is Leaving Tipped Workers Behind". FiveThirtyEight. ESPN. Retrieved February 8, 2017.

• "Fortune 500 List by State for 2015 - Geolounge". July 28, 2015.

• "America's Top States For Business". CNBC. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

• "Here are the Most Innovative States in America in 2016". December 22, 2016 – via www.bloomberg.com.

• Frank, Robert. "Top states for millionaires per capita". CNBC. Retrieved January 25, 2014.

• "Here's a new list of the richest people in Mass. - The Boston Globe".

• "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2016. Accessed May 8, 2016.

• "Venture Investment – Regional Aggregate Data". National Venture Capital Association. Retrieved January 17, 2016.

• Corlyn Voorhees (June 11, 2016). "Where do Massachusetts tourists come from?".

• "Tourism Statistics". Statisticsbrain.com. Retrieved April 27, 2015.

• "1,000 places to visit in Massachusetts". Boston.com.

• "State Profiles Data Sheet". National Association of Manufacturers. October 2017. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018.

• Massachusetts Manufacturing Facts (Report). National Association of Manufacturers. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2018.

• "MassMEDIC". Massachusetts Medical Device Industry Council. Retrieved December 28, 2018.

• "Number of Farms Numbers Continue Slight Rise in 2012". University of Massachusetts Amherst Center for Agriculture, Food, and the environment. Retrieved April 27, 2015.

• "Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources". Massachusetts Department of Agricultural. Retrieved April 27, 2015.

• "Massachusetts Cranberries" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. January 26, 2007. Retrieved May 23, 2010.

• "Waltham nonprofit WATCH CDC recognized at Statehouse". Wicked Local Waltham. Retrieved 2017-06-21.

• "2016's States with the Highest & Lowest Tax Rates". Retrieved June 18, 2016.

• "2016 State Business Tax Climate Index". Retrieved June 18, 2016.

• Tom Keane (March 28, 2014). "'Taxachusetts' is a misnomer, at least for now". Boston Globe.

• "Taxes & Rates Income". Massachusetts Department of Revenue. Retrieved June 18, 2016.

• "Massachusetts Implements Reduction in Personal Income Tax Rates". The Tax Foundation. Retrieved May 10, 2012.

• "Income tax rate to fall on Jan. 1 - The Boston Globe".

• "Massachusetts". The Tax Foundation. Retrieved April 27, 2015.

• "Tax Rates". Massachusetts Department of Revenue. Retrieved April 27, 2015.

• "CLT Update: 05 Apr 15 - "We didn't need or want a tax cut -- but it's ours now!"". cltg.org.

• "A Guide to Sales and Use Tax". MA, US: Massachusetts Department of Revenue. Retrieved June 18, 2016.

• "Massachusetts Electricity deregulation". Good Energy.

• "State Profile and Energy Estimates". Energy Information Administration. Retrieved February 2, 2019.

• "State Scorecard Rank". American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. Retrieved June 13, 2015.

• "2015 State Scorecard Rank – Massachusetts" (PDF). American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2016.

• Wood, Elisa (May 26, 2015). "Boston Takes Top Spot Again in City Energy Efficiency Scorecard". Energy Efficiency Markets.com. Retrieved June 13, 2015.

• "Massachusetts Regional Planning Agencies". American Planning Association. Retrieved April 30, 2015.

• "MassDEP Emissions Inventories". Mass.gov. Retrieved 11 February 2019.

• "MBTA Website". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2015.

• "Subway Map". Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority. Retrieved May 22, 2010.

• "Bus Schedules & Maps". Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority. Retrieved May 22, 2010.

• "Boat Map and Schedules". Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority. Retrieved May 22, 2010.

• "Your Transit Authorities". Massachusetts Association of Regional Transit Authorities. Retrieved May 23, 2010.

• "Cape Cod Central Railroad". Cape Cod Central Railroad. Retrieved May 23, 2010.

• "2010 Scenic Train Schedule". Berkshire Scenic Railway Museum. Archived from the original on August 28, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2010.

• "Acela Express". Routes. Amtrak. Archived from the original on May 23, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2010.

• Nixon, Ron (August 15, 2012). "Air Travel's Hassles Drive Riders to Amtrak's Acela" – via www.nytimes.com.

• "Commuter Rail Maps and Schedules". Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

• "CapeFlyer". Retrieved July 29, 2013.

• "T announces summer Cape Cod train service". WCVB-TV. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.

• "Background". The Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority. Retrieved May 24, 2010.

• "Massachusetts Passenger and Freight Rail". Massachusetts Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 2, 2015.

• "Massachusetts State Fact Sheet: Rail Fast Facts For 2017" (PDF). Association of American Railroads. Retrieved February 12, 2019.

• "About Logan". Massachusetts Port Authority. Retrieved May 2, 2015.

• "About Massport". Massachusetts Port Authority. Retrieved May 2, 2015.

• https://www.mass.gov/public-use-airports/locations

• "Mass Aeronautics". Archived from the original on May 5, 2008.

• "About FAA". Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved May 2, 2015.

• "Transportation". Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. Retrieved May 31, 2010.

• "Interstate 90". interstate-guide.com. AARoads. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

• Brown and Tager, pp. 283–284.

• Levy, Leonard (1995). Seasoned Judgments: The American Constitution, Rights, and History. p. 307. ISBN 9781412833820. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

• Kemp, Roger (2010). Documents of American Democracy. p. 59. ISBN 9780786456741.

• Murrin, John (2011). Liberty, Power, and Equality: A History. ISBN 978-0495915874.

• Hickey, Walter. "The Most Liberal States In America". Business Insider. Retrieved May 4, 2015.

• Gianoulis, Tina (October 13, 2005). "Noble, Elaine". glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2007.

• Cave, Damien. "Gerry Studds Dies at 69; First Openly Gay Congressman". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2015.

• "Massachusetts Facts: Politics". Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. Retrieved June 1, 2010.

• "2014 General Election Results". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

• Sacchetti, Maria (January 12, 2015). "Swampscott celebrates neighbor turned governor". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

• "Number of Legislators and Length of Terms in Years". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved May 4, 2015.

• "Members of the 111th Congress". United States Senate. Retrieved October 18, 2009.

• "Directory of Representatives". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 19, 2019.

• "Geographic Boundaries of United States Courts of Appeals and United States District Courts" (PDF). US: United States Courts. Retrieved May 12, 2015.

• "Distribution of 2004 and 2008 Electoral Votes". Electoral College. US: National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved June 2, 2010.

• "Frequently Asked Questions". Electoral College. US: National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved June 2, 2010.

• Brown & Tager 2000, p. 310.

• Page, Susan; Lawrence, Jill (July 11, 2004). "Does 'Massachusetts liberal' label still matter?". USA Today. Retrieved October 17, 2009.

• "Mapping MA election results". R-bloggers. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

• "1980 Presidential General Election Results – Massachusetts". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

• "1984 Presidential General Election Results – Massachusetts". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

• Leip, David. "General Election Results – Massachusetts". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved November 18, 2016.

• "Massachusetts Registered Voter Enrollment: 1948-2018" (Webpage). Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved 2016-04-03.

• "Members of the House of Representatives". Massachusetts House of Representatives. Retrieved January 18, 2019.

• "Members of the Senate". Massachusetts Senate. Retrieved January 18, 2019.

• Gordon, Meryl (January 14, 2002). "Weld at Heart". New York. Retrieved May 23, 2010.

• Vennochi, Joan (June 17, 2007). "Romney's liberal shadow". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 23, 2010.

• "Federal Elections 2004" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. p. 22. Retrieved October 17, 2009.

• "2008 Presidential Popular Vote Summary" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. Retrieved October 17, 2009.

• Bloch, Matthew; Cox, Amanda; Ericson, Matthew; Hossain, Farhana; Tse, Archie (January 19, 2010). "Interactive Map, Election Results and Analysis". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010.

• "Fiery consumer advocate Elizabeth Warren beats Scott Brown in Massachusetts Senate race". Boston.com. November 6, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2013.

• "Same-sex couples ready to make history in Massachusetts". CNN. May 17, 2004. Retrieved July 31, 2013.

• "Massachusetts Makes Health Insurance Mandatory". NPR. July 3, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2009.

• "2008 Return of Votes Complete" (PDF). United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, 2008. December 17, 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2009.

• "Massachusetts voters approve ballot measure to legalize medical marijuana". Boston Globe. Retrieved April 13, 2013.

• "Massachusetts issues first marijuana license". CommonWealth. June 21, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2018.

• "Information and Historical Data on Cities, Towns, and Counties in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts". Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. Retrieved June 8, 2010.

• See Administrative divisions of Massachusetts#The city/town distinction.

• "Quick Facts: Boston, Massachusetts". U.S. Census Bureau. United States Census Bureau. July 1, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2017. [dead link]

• Thomas, G. Scott. "Boston's population stays flat, but still ranks as 10th-largest in U.S. (BBJ DataCenter)". American City Business Journals. Retrieved May 4, 2015.

• Sokolow 1997, pp. 293–6.

• "Massachusetts Facts Part One: Concise Facts". Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. Retrieved May 4, 2015.

• "Massachusetts Population by County". indexmundi.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.

• "Middlesex County, Massachusetts". American FactFinder. Retrieved May 4, 2015.

• "Massachusetts Government: County Government". League of Women Voters. Retrieved October 2, 2014.

• "Largest Cities by population". 2017 U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2019.

• "History Museums". Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. Retrieved May 6, 2015.

• "Walden Pond State Reservation". Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. Retrieved May 6, 2015.

• "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow". National Park Service. Retrieved May 30, 2010.

• "Details – Sunday – Massachusetts". Academy of American Poets. Retrieved May 29, 2010.

• "Miscellaneous Massachusetts Facts". Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. Retrieved May 30, 2010.

• "Norman Rockewell Museum of Vermont". Norman Rockwell Museum of Vermont. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2015.

• "Music". Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. Archived from the original on October 10, 2010. Retrieved May 29, 2010.

• "About the Cape Cod Symphony Orchestra". Cape Cod Symphony Orchestra. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010.

• "Our History". Springfield Symphony Orchestra. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010.

• "Arts". MA, US: Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved May 30, 2010.

• Leddy, Charles 'Chuck' (January 10, 2008). "Rocking history lesson shows city was in a class by itself". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 29, 2010.

• "Film Festivals". MA, US: Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. Archived from the original on October 10, 2010. Retrieved May 29, 2010.

• "Museums". City of Boston. Retrieved May 29, 2010.

• "Art Museums". Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. Archived from the original on October 10, 2010. Retrieved May 29, 2010.

• "Places To Go". National Park Service. Retrieved December 30, 2009.

• "Black Heritage Trail". Museum of African American History. Retrieved May 29, 2010.

• "About Plimoth Plantation". Plimoth Plantation. Archived from the original on May 26, 2010. Retrieved May 29, 2010.

• "Old Sturbridge Village". Old Sturbridge Village. Retrieved May 7, 2015.

• Siddiqui, Faiz; Ellement, John R.; Finucane, Martin (July 2, 2014). "Boston plans to hold Fourth of July celebrations Thursday". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 7, 2015.

• Kush, Bronislaus B. "Summer Nationals Weekend Revs Up". Worcester Telegram. Retrieved March 15, 2011.

• "A Spectator's Guide To The 2015 Boston Marathon". WBUR-FM. Retrieved May 8, 2015.

• "Southern New England". Appalachian Mountain Club. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2010.

• "Fishing & charters". Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010.

• "Whale watching". Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010.

• "Skiing/snowboarding". Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. Archived from the original on March 8, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010.

• "Hunting". Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. Retrieved May 7, 2015.

• "Nielson Media Research Local Universe Estimates (US)". 2005. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved May 27, 2010.

• "Springfield – Holyoke TV Channels". Station Index. Retrieved May 7, 2015.

• "WGBH – About Us". WGBH-TV. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2010.

• "American Experience". WGBH-TV. Archived from the original on May 6, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2010.

• "US Newspaper – Search Results (Massachusetts)". Audit Bureau of Circulations. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2010.

• "FM Query Results (Massachusetts)". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved May 27, 2010.

• "General". WZBC. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2010.

• "About". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 27, 2010.

• "About the BU Literary Society and Clarion". Boston University. Archived from the original on May 8, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2010.

• "2015 Annual Report". America's Health Rankings. Retrieved February 8, 2018.

• "Doctors per 100,000 Resident Population, 2007". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 16, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010.

• "Infant Mortality Rate, 2006". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 16, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010.

• "Persons With and Without Health Insurance Coverage by State: 2007" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010.

• "Here's how your life expectancy varies based on which state you're born in". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-12-10.

• "Overweight and Obesity (BMI) – 2007". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on March 6, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2010.

• "Booziest states in America: Who binge drinks most?". CBS News. Retrieved May 7, 2015.

• "The United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service". Journal of the American Medical Association. 43 (5): 326. July 30, 1904. doi:10.1001/jama.1904.92500050002. Retrieved February 20, 2011.

• "U.S. Marine Hospital". Chelsea Historical Society. Retrieved February 20, 2011.

• "Massachusetts Hospitals: Directory". Massachusetts Hospital Association. Retrieved May 7, 2015.

• "U.S. News Best Hospitals 2014–15". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

• "Hospital Overview". Massachusetts General Hospital. Retrieved October 24, 2010.

• "Facts and Figures: 2009–2010". Harvard Medical School. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2010.

• "About Us". Boston University School of Medicine. Archived from the original on April 14, 2010. Retrieved October 25, 2010.

• "An Introduction to UMass Medical School". University of Massachusetts Medical School. Retrieved October 25, 2010.

• "Campuses". MCPHS University. Retrieved May 7, 2015.

• "Celtics History — Championship Wins". National Basketball Association. Retrieved May 7, 2015.

• "MLB World Series Winners". ESPN. Archived from the original on October 11, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2015.

• "Stanley Cup Winners". Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved May 7, 2015.

• "Super Bowl History". National Football League. Retrieved May 7, 2015.

• "MLL Standings". Major League Lacrosse. Retrieved October 21, 2009.

• "AHL Staff Directory". American Hockey League. Retrieved May 7, 2015.

• "College Football Teams (FBS and FCS)". ESPN. Retrieved October 18, 2009.

• "College Basketball Teams — Division I Teams". ESPN. Retrieved October 18, 2009.

• "Cornell Rowing Excels at Eastern Sprints". Cornell University. Retrieved June 6, 2010.

• "2009 U.S. Open — Past Champions". United States Golf Association. Retrieved October 21, 2009.

• "Deutsche Bank Championship". Professional Golfers' Association of America. Retrieved October 21, 2009.

        School Description

Choose the education that's right for YOU!               

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Help Desk Analyst
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Get the focused and comprehensive technical training you need to launch your career. Designed to prepare you for the Network+ Certification examinations and an entry-level position as a Help Desk Analyst, you will: Obtain the skills you need to troubleshoot and resolve computer hardware and software problems. Perform basic computer applications and troubleshooting tasks Develop a background in Internet navigation and computer networking. And you can get the real-world skills you need in as little as seven months! :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Microsoft Windows Professional Engineer (A+, Net+, MCP, MCSE)
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: From PC basics and diagnostics forward to various levels of learning in Windows 2000, each program has been carefully designed to help the student gain the knowledge and skills to start to qualify for the various and prestigious industry certifications. Students will learn how to install and configure PC hardware such as disks, memory and network adapters, and to install operating systems such as Windows and DOS. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Microsoft Windows Professional Engineer with Exchange
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: This takes Clark University's most comprehensive program, which teaches an entry-level individual the skills required for PC service and support as well as advanced skills in networking and Microsoft's Windows 2000 Operating System, and then adds specific training on MS Exchange. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Microsoft Windows Systems Engineer (MCP, MCSE)
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: Windows 2000 is Microsoft's latest Operating System for global organizations and it brings great opportunity for those who are skilled in its use and deployment. In response to the growing demand for skilled professionals in Windows 2000, we, at Clark University, have developed the most comprehensive set of Windows 2000 career training programs in the industry. Each program has been carefully designed to help the student gain the knowledge and skills to start to qualify for industry certification. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Microsoft Windows Systems Engineer with Exchange
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: Windows 2000 is Microsoft's latest Operating System for global organizations and it brings great opportunity for those who are skilled in its use and deployment. In response to the growing demand for skilled professionals in Windows 2000, we have developed the most comprehensive set of Windows 2000 career training programs in the industry. Each program has been carefully designed to help the student gain the knowledge and skills to start to qualify for industry certification. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Software Applications Specialist
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Whether you're looking to get a MOUS certification or just want to advance your skills, the Software Applications Specialist program is for you. Our program is designed to help you prepare for the various Microsoft OfficeT User Specialist certification exams, as well as help you gain a greater variety of skills using Microsoft OfficeT software: Become proficient in Word and learn how to utilize Excel to create the professional reports and spreadsheets used in business Develop professional business presentations using PowerPoint Set-up and maintain databases in Access Learn about the organization and communication capabilities of Outlook Design Web pages using FrontPage and Publisher And you can get the training you need in only about seven months... :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Help Desk Analyst
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Get the focused and comprehensive technical training you need to launch your career. Designed to prepare you for the Network+ Certification examinations and an entry-level position as a Help Desk Analyst, you will: Obtain the skills you need to troubleshoot and resolve computer hardware and software problems. Perform basic computer applications and troubleshooting tasks Develop a background in Internet navigation and computer networking. And you can get the real-world skills you need in as little as seven months! :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Brockton, MA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Software Applications Specialist
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Whether you're looking to get a MOUS certification or just want to advance your skills, the Software Applications Specialist program is for you. Our program is designed to help you prepare for the various Microsoft OfficeT User Specialist certification exams, as well as help you gain a greater variety of skills using Microsoft OfficeT software: Become proficient in Word and learn how to utilize Excel to create the professional reports and spreadsheets used in business Develop professional business presentations using PowerPoint Set-up and maintain databases in Access Learn about the organization and communication capabilities of Outlook Design Web pages using FrontPage and Publisher And you can get the training you need in only about seven months... :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Brockton, MA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Software Applications Specialist
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Get industry certifications like the MCSE or CompTIA A+, or enhance your current skills set with the Network Systems Professional program. Our program is designed to help you prepare for the various Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP) exams and CompTIA A+ hardware certification examinations, as well as help you keep your skills up to date: Design, implement and administer MicrosoftT Windows 2000 Networks Learn the processes and procedures needed to maintain networks, hardware and operating systems Troubleshoot and analyze problems In only seven months, this focused program will prepare you for entry-level employment in the networking industry. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Brockton, MA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Help Desk Analyst
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Get the focused and comprehensive technical training you need to launch your career. Designed to prepare you for the Network+ Certification examinations and an entry-level position as a Help Desk Analyst, you will: Obtain the skills you need to troubleshoot and resolve computer hardware and software problems. Perform basic computer applications and troubleshooting tasks Develop a background in Internet navigation and computer networking. And you can get the real-world skills you need in as little as seven months! :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Lowell, MA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Software Applications Specialist
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Whether you're looking to get a MOUS certification or just want to advance your skills, the Software Applications Specialist program is for you. Our program is designed to help you prepare for the various Microsoft OfficeT User Specialist certification exams, as well as help you gain a greater variety of skills using Microsoft OfficeT software: Become proficient in Word and learn how to utilize Excel to create the professional reports and spreadsheets used in business Develop professional business presentations using PowerPoint Set-up and maintain databases in Access Learn about the organization and communication capabilities of Outlook Design Web pages using FrontPage and Publisher And you can get the training you need in only about seven months... :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Lowell, MA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Software Applications Specialist
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Get industry certifications like the MCSE or CompTIA A+, or enhance your current skills set with the Network Systems Professional program. Our program is designed to help you prepare for the various Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP) exams and CompTIA A+ hardware certification examinations, as well as help you keep your skills up to date: Design, implement and administer MicrosoftT Windows 2000 Networks Learn the processes and procedures needed to maintain networks, hardware and operating systems Troubleshoot and analyze problems In only seven months, this focused program will prepare you for entry-level employment in the networking industry. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Lowell, MA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Help Desk Analyst
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Get the focused and comprehensive technical training you need to launch your career. Designed to prepare you for the Network+ Certification examinations and an entry-level position as a Help Desk Analyst, you will: Obtain the skills you need to troubleshoot and resolve computer hardware and software problems. Perform basic computer applications and troubleshooting tasks Develop a background in Internet navigation and computer networking. And you can get the real-world skills you need in as little as seven months! :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Somerville, MA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Software Applications Specialist
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Whether you're looking to get a MOUS certification or just want to advance your skills, the Software Applications Specialist program is for you. Our program is designed to help you prepare for the various Microsoft OfficeT User Specialist certification exams, as well as help you gain a greater variety of skills using Microsoft OfficeT software: Become proficient in Word and learn how to utilize Excel to create the professional reports and spreadsheets used in business Develop professional business presentations using PowerPoint Set-up and maintain databases in Access Learn about the organization and communication capabilities of Outlook Design Web pages using FrontPage and Publisher And you can get the training you need in only about seven months... :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Somerville, MA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Software Applications Specialist
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Get industry certifications like the MCSE or CompTIA A+, or enhance your current skills set with the Network Systems Professional program. Our program is designed to help you prepare for the various Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP) exams and CompTIA A+ hardware certification examinations, as well as help you keep your skills up to date: Design, implement and administer MicrosoftT Windows 2000 Networks Learn the processes and procedures needed to maintain networks, hardware and operating systems Troubleshoot and analyze problems In only seven months, this focused program will prepare you for entry-level employment in the networking industry. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Somerville, MA ::  more info

top

Information Systems - Select a State
Alabama	Massachusetts	Ontario
Arizona	Winnepeg, MB	Oregon
Vancouver, BC	Maryland	Pennsylvania
California	Minnesota	Quebec
Colorado	Missouri	Rhode Island
Connecticut	Mississippi	Texas
Florida	New Jersey	Utah
Georgia	New Mexico	Virginia
Hawaii	Nevada	Washington
Idaho	New York	Wisconsin
Illinois	Ohio	Online Programs
Louisiana	Oklahoma

School Description

information systems

Massachusetts Listing

Today's computer information systems (CIS) professionals provide invaluable and highly specialized computer systems expertise, helping companies stay competitive in the global marketplace. These experts harness technology and enable organizations to use information to the fullest. In short, CIS experts are vital to the bottom-line success of every enterprise.

The CIS program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and science, business and accounting, systems concepts, programming, and systems development.

top

Information Systems Sponsors

| Technical and Non-Technical Degrees | Chubb Institute | DeVry University | University of Phoenix | DeVry Keller University | College Searching

College Searching Sponsors

debt consolidation | University Online Degree | Home Remodeling | debt help | General Links |

about | contact | sitemap

College Searching and Online Degrees offer Associate, Bachelor, Masters and Ph.D. degrees in automotive, teaching, finance, internet technology, accounting, marketing, Information Systems, nursing, computer science, fashion and graphic design, and much more!