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In the United States, a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education. These certificates usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge about a certain vocational or professional subject. Certificate programs can be completed more quickly than associate degrees and often do not have general education requirements. Undergraduate certificates represent completion of a specific program offered in coordination with a bachelors degree. Graduate certificates represent completion of studies beyond the bachelor's degree, yet short of a masters degree.

In the State of Maryland, a Certificate of Merit was, until recently, issued to graduating high-school seniors who met certain academic requirements (such as completion of advanced courses and a cumulative GPA of 3.00); the statewide certificate has since been replaced by "endorsements" defined by each local school system.[3]

It also may be awarded as a necessary certification to validate that a student is considered competent in a certain specific networking skill area in information technology. Thus a computer engineer or computer science graduation most likely will have to obtain additional certificates on and pertaining to the specific technologies or equipment used by the hiring corporation; if not, such employer may suffer unwanted penalties like foregoing (voiding the contract) the protections of a certain level of customer service or warranties.

A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies. Most certifications are time-limited; some expire after a period of time (e.g., the lifetime of a product that required certification for use), while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met. Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up-to-date on advancements in the field, evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits (CECs), or continuing education units (CEUs), from approved professional development courses.

Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations, trade organizations, or private vendors interested in raising industry standards. Certificate programs are often created or endorsed by professional associations, but are typically completely independent from membership organizations. Certifications are very common in fields such as aviation, construction, technology, environment, and other industrial sectors, as well as healthcare, business, real estate, and finance.

According to The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997) by Phillip Barnhart, "certifications are portable, since they do not depend on one company's definition of a certain job" and they provide protential employers with "an impartial, third-party endorsement of an individual's professional knowledge and experience".[1]

Certification is different from professional licensure. In the United States, licenses are typically issued by state agencies, whereas certifications are usually awarded by professional societies or educational institutes. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. In other countries, licenses are typically granted by professional societies or universities and require a certificate after about three to five years and so on thereafter. The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than that of licensure, though sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same, despite differing in terms of legal status.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines the standard for being a certifying agency as meeting the following two requirements:

1. Delivering an assessment based on industry knowledge that is independent from training courses or course providers
2. Granting a time-limited credential to anyone who meets the assessment standards

The Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) is a U.S.-based organization that sets standards for the accreditation of personnel certification and certificate programs based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, a joint publication of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Many members of the Association of Test Publishers (ATP) are also certification organizations.

• Phillip Barnhart, The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997), HRD Press. ISBN 0-8493-9960-2 Retrieved electronically 7 July 2009.

• Master of Professional Studies in Real Estate. "Advanced Professional Certificate in Real Estate | Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies". Scs.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

• "Certificate Programs". lesley.edu.

Information systems (IS) are formal, sociotechnical, organizational systems designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information. In a sociotechnical perspective, information systems are composed by four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and technology.

A computer information system is a system composed of people and computers that processes or interprets information. The term is also sometimes used in more restricted senses to refer to only the software used to run a computerized database or to refer to only a computer system.

Information Systems is an academic study of systems with a specific reference to information and the complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also distribute data. An emphasis is placed on an information system having a definitive boundary, users, processors, storage, inputs, outputs and the aforementioned communication networks.

Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and decision-making. An information system is the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, and also the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.

Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.

Alter argues for advantages of viewing an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans or machines perform processes and activities using resources to produce specific products or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities are devoted to capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying information.

As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision making and action.

Information systems are the primary focus of study for organizational informatics.

Maryland (/ˈmɛərɪlənd/ (listen) MAIR-ih-lənd)[8] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. The state's largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State. It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria, known in England as Queen Mary.[9][10]

State of Maryland
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): "Old Line State", "Free State", "Little America",[1] "America in Miniature"[2]
Motto(s): "Fatti maschii, parole femine" (English: "Strong Deeds, Gentle Words")[3] The Latin text encircling the seal: Scuto bonæ voluntatis tuæ coronasti nos ("With Favor Wilt Thou Compass Us as with a Shield") Psalm 5:12[4]
State song(s): ""Maryland, My Maryland" (1861, adopted 1939)"
Official language	None (English, de facto)
Demonym	Marylander
Capital	Annapolis
Largest city	Baltimore
Largest metro	Baltimore-Washington Metro Area
Area	Ranked 42nd
• Total	12,407 sq mi (32,133 km2)
• Width	196 miles (315 km)
• Length	119 miles (192 km)
• % water	21
• Latitude	37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N
• Longitude	75° 03′ W to 79° 29′ W
Population	Ranked 19th
• Total	6,042,718 (2018)
• Density	619/sq mi  (238/km2) Ranked 5th
• Median household income	$80,774 (2017)[5] (2nd)
Elevation
• Highest point	Hoye-Crest[6][7] 3,360 ft (1024 m)
• Mean	350 ft  (110 m)
• Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean[6] Sea level
Before statehood	Province of Maryland
Admitted to the Union	April 28, 1788 (7th)
Governor	Larry Hogan (R)
Lieutenant Governor	Boyd Rutherford (R)
Legislature	General Assembly of Maryland
• Upper house	Senate of Maryland
• Lower house	House of Delegates of Maryland
U.S. Senators	Ben Cardin (D) Chris Van Hollen (D)
U.S. House delegation	7 Democrats 1 Republican (list)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC −5/−4
ISO 3166	US-MD
Abbreviations	MD, Md.
Website	www.maryland.gov

Maryland state symbols
The Flag of Maryland
The Seal of Maryland
Living insignia
Bird	Baltimore oriole
Butterfly	Baltimore checkerspot butterfly
Crustacean	Blue crab
Fish	Rock fish
Flower	Black-eyed Susan
Insect	Baltimore checkerspot
Mammal	Calico cat Chesapeake Bay Retriever Thoroughbred horse
Reptile	Diamondback terrapin
Tree	White oak
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Milk
Dance	Square dance
Dinosaur	Astrodon johnstoni
Food	Blue crab Smith Island Cake
Fossil	Ecphora gardnerae gardnerae
Gemstone	Patuxent River stone
Mineral	Agate
Poem	"Maryland, My Maryland" by James Ryder Randall (1861, adopted 1939)
Slogan	Maryland of Opportunity
Sport	Jousting Lacrosse
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2000
Lists of United States state symbols

Sixteen of Maryland's twenty-three counties border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries, which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline. Although one of the smallest states in the U.S., it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature. In a similar vein, Maryland's geography, culture, and history combines elements of the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, and South Atlantic regions of the country.

One of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain, Maryland was founded by George Calvert, a Catholic convert[11][12] who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England.[13] In 1632, Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter, naming the colony after his wife, Queen Mary.[14] Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans, who enforced religious conformity in their settlements, Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration.[13] Accordingly, in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion, which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who "reproached" a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation.[15] Nevertheless, religious strife was common in the early years, and Catholics remained a minority, albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony.

Maryland's early settlements and population centers clustered around rivers and other waterways that empty into the Chesapeake Bay. Its economy was heavily plantation-based, centered mostly on the cultivation of tobacco. The need for cheap labor led to a rapid expansion of indentured servants, penal labor, and African slaves. In 1760, Maryland's current boundaries took form following the settlement of a long-running border dispute with Pennsylvania. Maryland was an active participant in the events leading up to the American Revolution, and by 1776 its delegates signed the Declaration of Independence. Many of its citizens subsequently played key political and military roles in the war. In 1790, the state ceded land for the establishment of the U.S. capital of Washington, D.C.

Although a slave state, Maryland remained in the Union during the U.S. Civil War, its strategic location giving it a significant role in the conflict. After the war, Maryland took part in the Industrial Revolution, driven by its seaports, railroad networks, and mass immigration from Europe. Since the Second World War, the state's population has grown rapidly, to approximately six million residents, and it is among the most densely populated states in the nation. As of 2015, Maryland had the highest median household income of any state, owing in large part to its close proximity to Washington, D.C. and a highly diversified economy spanning manufacturing, services, higher education, and biotechnology.[16] Maryland has been ranked as one of the best governed states in the country.[17] The state's central role in American history is reflected by its hosting of some of the highest numbers of historic landmarks per capita.

The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Maryland's gross state product in 2016 was $382.4 billion.[132] However, Maryland has been using Genuine Progress Indicator, an indicator of well-being, to guide the state's development, rather than relying only on growth indicators like GDP.[133][134] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Maryland households are currently the wealthiest in the country, with a 2013 median household income of $72,483[135] which puts it ahead of New Jersey and Connecticut, which are second and third respectively. Two of Maryland's counties, Howard and Montgomery, are the second and eleventh wealthiest counties in the nation respectively. Maryland ranked No. 1 with the most millionaires per capita in 2013, with a ratio of 7.7 percent.[136] Also, the state's poverty rate of 7.8 percent is the lowest in the country.[137][138][139] per capita personal income in 2006 was $43,500, fifth in the nation. As of February 2018, the state's unemployment rate was 4.2 percent.[140]

A map showing Maryland's median income by county. Data is sourced from the 2014 ACS 5-year Estimate report published by the US Census Bureau.

Maryland's economy benefits from the state's close proximity to the federal government in Washington, D.C. with an emphasis on technical and administrative tasks for the defense/aerospace industry and bio-research laboratories, as well as staffing of satellite government headquarters in the suburban or exurban Baltimore/Washington area. Ft. Meade serves as the headquarters of the Defense Information Systems Agency, United States Cyber Command, and the National Security Agency/Central Security Service. In addition, a number of educational and medical research institutions are located in the state. In fact, the various components of The Johns Hopkins University and its medical research facilities are now the largest single employer in the Baltimore area. Altogether, white collar technical and administrative workers comprise 25 percent of Maryland's labor force,[citation needed] attributable in part to nearby Maryland being a part of the Washington Metro Area where the federal government office employment is relatively high.

Manufacturing, while large in dollar value, is highly diversified with no sub-sector contributing over 20 percent of the total. Typical forms of manufacturing include electronics, computer equipment, and chemicals. The once mighty primary metals sub-sector, which at one time included what was then the largest steel factory in the world at Sparrows Point, still exists, but is pressed with foreign competition, bankruptcies, and mergers. During World War II the Glenn Martin Company (now part of Lockheed Martin) airplane factory employed some 40,000 people.

Mining other than construction materials is virtually limited to coal, which is located in the mountainous western part of the state. The brownstone quarries in the east, which gave Baltimore and Washington much of their characteristic architecture in the mid-19th century, were once a predominant natural resource. Historically, there used to be small gold-mining operations in Maryland, some near Washington, but these no longer exist.

Maryland has several historic and renowned private colleges and universities, the most prominent of which is Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876 with a grant from Baltimore entrepreneur Johns Hopkins.

The first public university in the state is the University of Maryland, Baltimore, which was founded in 1807 and contains the University of Maryland's only public academic health, human services, and one of two law centers (the other being the University of Baltimore School of Law). Seven professional and graduate schools train the majority of the state's physicians, nurses, dentists, lawyers, social workers, and pharmacists.[166] The flagship university and largest undergraduate institution in Maryland is the University of Maryland, College Park which was founded as the Maryland Agricultural College in 1856 and became a public land grant college in 1864. Towson University, founded in 1866, is the state's second largest university. Baltimore is home to the University of Maryland, Baltimore County and the Maryland Institute College of Art. The majority of public universities in the state are affiliated with the University System of Maryland. Two state-funded institutions, Morgan State University and St. Mary's College of Maryland, as well as two federally funded institutions, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the United States Naval Academy, are not affiliated with the University System of Maryland.

St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland and Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, both private institutions, are the two oldest colleges in the state, and are among the oldest in the country. Other private institutions include Mount St. Mary's University, McDaniel College (formerly known as Western Maryland College), Hood College, Stevenson University (formerly known as Villa Julie College), Loyola University Maryland, and Goucher College, among others.

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• "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.

• Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.

• In US English, the first syllable is pronounced /ˈmɛr-/ even by speakers who contrast the vowels in merry /ˈmɛri/ and Mary /ˈmɛəri/, which is the minority. The pronunciation with /ɛər/ is the predominant one in Received Pronunciation, therefore it is transcribed with the /ɛər/ diaphoneme (Random House Dictionary, Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 9781405881180. )

• "Maryland's Name". Catholic History of Maryland. Simon & Schuster. Retrieved July 20, 2012.

• "Why Is It Named Maryland? - Ghosts of Baltimore". ghostsofbaltimore.org. 2015-05-19. Retrieved 2018-02-19.

• "George Calvert and Cecilius Calvert, Barons Baltimore" William Hand Browne, Nabu Press (August 1, 2010), ISBN 117662539X ISBN 978-1176625396

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• Delgado, Patricia (December 2011). "Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve in Maryland Site Profile" (PDF). Maryland Department of Natural Resources. p. 54. Retrieved May 21, 2017. Map showing ... Maryland physiographic provinces

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• "Maryland's Lakes and Reservoirs: FAQ". Maryland Geological Survey. January 24, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2008.

• Maryland.gov, "Maryland at a glance." Accessed December 3, 2018.

• Rosenwald, Michael S. (July 30, 2012). "Fact: Maryland has no natural lakes". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 June 2015.

• Pamela Wood (March 27, 2017). "Maryland General Assembly approves fracking ban". The Baltimore Sun.

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• Therres, Glenn (Fall 2007). "Lions in our mountains? The mystery of cougars in Maryland" (PDF). Wildlife and Heritage. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2009. Historically bobcats were distributed statewide but during the post colonization period densities began to plummet. By the mid-1900s, populations had probably reached all-time lows, with remnant populations existing only in western Maryland. This prompted the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) to classify them as a state-listed "Species of Special Concern." During the past quarter century, occupied range and densities have increased markedly. Results from the annual Bowhunter Survey and the Hunter Mail survey have identified bobcat sightings in 14 of Maryland's 23 counties. Currently, bobcats have dual legal classification in Maryland. In addition to the Species of Special Concern designation, they are also defined as a Game Animal / Furbearer with a closed harvest season.

• "Coyotes in Maryland". Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on August 15, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2011. Coyotes were historically a western species with core populations found west of the Mississippi River. Alterations and/or elimination of competing predators during the post-European colonization period facilitated rapid range expansion into eastern North America during the 20th Century. Established populations now occur in every state and province in North America. Coyotes are a relatively new addition to local ecosystems, and were first documented in Maryland during 1972. Initial substantiated sightings occurred in Cecil, Frederick and Washington counties. Since that time population densities and occupied range have expanded incrementally and coyotes now occur statewide.

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• "Eastern Box Turtle". Maryland Biodiversity Project. Retrieved July 8, 2018.

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• Cairns, Huntington (December 1937). "History and Constitutionality of the Maryland Income Tax Law". Maryland Law Review. Legal History, Theory and Process Commons. UM Carey Law. pp. 1, 6. Retrieved August 19, 2015. ...1937 Special Session of the Maryland Legislature imposed an income tax...expenditure of public funds for the benefit of able-bodied persons whose inability to support themselves arises from the prevalence of wide-spread unemployment.

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• "The South As It's [sic] Own Nation". League of the South. 2004. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008. On the other hand, areas beyond these thirteen States maintain their Southern culture to varying degrees. Much of Missouri remains basically Southern, as do parts of southern Maryland and Maryland's eastern shore.

• Beck, John; Randall, Aaron & Frandsen, Wendy (June 27, 2007). "Southern Culture: An Introduction" (PDF). Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 14–15. Retrieved May 23, 2008. Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia [...] and Maryland —slaveholding states and regions before the Civil War that did not secede from the Union – are also often included as part of the South. As border states, these states always were crossroads of values and customs, and today [...] parts of Maryland seem to have become part of the "Northeast."

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Microsoft Windows Professional Engineer (A+, Net+, MCP, MCSE)
School: Computer Career Institute at Johns Hopkins University Program: From PC basics and diagnostics forward to various levels of learning in Windows 2000, each program has been carefully designed to help the student gain the knowledge and skills to start to qualify for the various and prestigious industry certifications. Students will learn how to install and configure PC hardware such as disks, memory and network adapters, and to install operating systems such as Windows and DOS. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Columbia, MD ::  more info

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CA/IS	Microsoft Windows Professional Engineer with Exchange
School: Computer Career Institute at Johns Hopkins University Program: This takes Johns Hopkins' most comprehensive program, which teaches an entry-level individual the skills required for PC service and support as well as advanced skills in networking and Microsoft's Windows 2000 Operating System, and then adds specific training on MS Exchange. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Columbia, MD ::  more info

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CA/IS	Microsoft Windows Systems Engineer (MCP, MCSE)
School: Computer Career Institute at Johns Hopkins University Program: Windows 2000 is Microsoft's latest Operating System for global organizations and it brings great opportunity for those who are skilled in its use and deployment. In response to the growing demand for skilled professionals in Windows 2000, we, at Johns Hopkins, have developed the most comprehensive set of Windows 2000 career training programs in the industry. Each program has been carefully designed to help the student gain the knowledge and skills to start to qualify for industry certification. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Columbia, MD ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Microsoft Windows Systems Engineer with Exchange
School: Computer Career Institute at Johns Hopkins University Program: Windows 2000 is Microsoft's latest Operating System for global organizations and it brings great opportunity for those who are skilled in its use and deployment. In response to the growing demand for skilled professionals in Windows 2000, we have developed the most comprehensive set of Windows 2000 career training programs in the industry. Each program has been carefully designed to help the student gain the knowledge and skills to start to qualify for industry certification. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Columbia, MD ::  more info

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Today's computer information systems (CIS) professionals provide invaluable and highly specialized computer systems expertise, helping companies stay competitive in the global marketplace. These experts harness technology and enable organizations to use information to the fullest. In short, CIS experts are vital to the bottom-line success of every enterprise.

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