Get Your Degree Online!

:: Information Systems

In the United States, a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education. These certificates usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge about a certain vocational or professional subject. Certificate programs can be completed more quickly than associate degrees and often do not have general education requirements. Undergraduate certificates represent completion of a specific program offered in coordination with a bachelors degree. Graduate certificates represent completion of studies beyond the bachelor's degree, yet short of a masters degree.

In the State of Maryland, a Certificate of Merit was, until recently, issued to graduating high-school seniors who met certain academic requirements (such as completion of advanced courses and a cumulative GPA of 3.00); the statewide certificate has since been replaced by "endorsements" defined by each local school system.[3]

It also may be awarded as a necessary certification to validate that a student is considered competent in a certain specific networking skill area in information technology. Thus a computer engineer or computer science graduation most likely will have to obtain additional certificates on and pertaining to the specific technologies or equipment used by the hiring corporation; if not, such employer may suffer unwanted penalties like foregoing (voiding the contract) the protections of a certain level of customer service or warranties.

A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies. Most certifications are time-limited; some expire after a period of time (e.g., the lifetime of a product that required certification for use), while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met. Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up-to-date on advancements in the field, evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits (CECs), or continuing education units (CEUs), from approved professional development courses.

Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations, trade organizations, or private vendors interested in raising industry standards. Certificate programs are often created or endorsed by professional associations, but are typically completely independent from membership organizations. Certifications are very common in fields such as aviation, construction, technology, environment, and other industrial sectors, as well as healthcare, business, real estate, and finance.

According to The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997) by Phillip Barnhart, "certifications are portable, since they do not depend on one company's definition of a certain job" and they provide protential employers with "an impartial, third-party endorsement of an individual's professional knowledge and experience".[1]

Certification is different from professional licensure. In the United States, licenses are typically issued by state agencies, whereas certifications are usually awarded by professional societies or educational institutes. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. In other countries, licenses are typically granted by professional societies or universities and require a certificate after about three to five years and so on thereafter. The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than that of licensure, though sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same, despite differing in terms of legal status.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines the standard for being a certifying agency as meeting the following two requirements:

1. Delivering an assessment based on industry knowledge that is independent from training courses or course providers
2. Granting a time-limited credential to anyone who meets the assessment standards

The Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) is a U.S.-based organization that sets standards for the accreditation of personnel certification and certificate programs based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, a joint publication of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Many members of the Association of Test Publishers (ATP) are also certification organizations.

• Phillip Barnhart, The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997), HRD Press. ISBN 0-8493-9960-2 Retrieved electronically 7 July 2009.

• Master of Professional Studies in Real Estate. "Advanced Professional Certificate in Real Estate | Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies". Scs.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

• "Certificate Programs". lesley.edu.

Information systems (IS) are formal, sociotechnical, organizational systems designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information. In a sociotechnical perspective, information systems are composed by four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and technology.

A computer information system is a system composed of people and computers that processes or interprets information. The term is also sometimes used in more restricted senses to refer to only the software used to run a computerized database or to refer to only a computer system.

Information Systems is an academic study of systems with a specific reference to information and the complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also distribute data. An emphasis is placed on an information system having a definitive boundary, users, processors, storage, inputs, outputs and the aforementioned communication networks.

Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and decision-making. An information system is the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, and also the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.

Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.

Alter argues for advantages of viewing an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans or machines perform processes and activities using resources to produce specific products or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities are devoted to capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying information.

As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision making and action.

Information systems are the primary focus of study for organizational informatics.

Texas (/ˈtɛksəs/, locally /ˈtɛksɪz/;[9] Spanish: Texas or Tejas Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtexas] (listen)) is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Geographically located in the South Central region of the country, Texas shares borders with the U.S. states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the southwest, while the Gulf of Mexico is to the southeast.

State of Texas
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Lone Star State
Motto(s): Friendship
State song(s): "Texas, Our Texas"
Official language	No official language (see Languages spoken in Texas)
Spoken languages	Predominantly English; Spanish is spoken by a sizable minority[1]
Demonym	Texan Texian (archaic) Tejano (usually only used for Hispanics)
Capital	Austin
Largest city	Houston
Largest metro	Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex
Area	Ranked 2nd
• Total	268,581[2] sq mi (696,241 km2)
• Width	773[3] miles (1,244 km)
• Length	790 miles (1,270 km)
• % water	2.5
• Latitude	25° 50′ N to 36° 30′ N
• Longitude	93° 31′ W to 106° 39′ W
Population	Ranked 2nd
• Total	28,701,845 (2018 est.)[4]
• Density	108/sq mi  (40.6/km2) Ranked 26th
• Median household income	$59,206[5] (24th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Guadalupe Peak[6][7][8] 8,751 ft (2667.4 m)
• Mean	1,700 ft  (520 m)
• Lowest point	Gulf of Mexico[7] Sea level
Before statehood	Republic of Texas
Admitted to the Union	December 29, 1845 (28th)
Governor	Greg Abbott (R)
Lieutenant Governor	Dan Patrick (R)
Legislature	Texas Legislature
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	John Cornyn (R) Ted Cruz (R)
U.S. House delegation	23 Republicans 13 Democrats (list)
Time zones
• Majority of state	Central: UTC −6/−5
• El Paso, Hudspeth, and northwestern Culberson counties	Mountain: UTC −7/−6
ISO 3166	US-TX
Abbreviations	TX, Tex.
Website	texas.gov

Texas state symbols
The Flag of Texas
The Seal of Texas
Living insignia
Bird	Northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos)
Fish	Guadalupe bass (Micropterus treculii)
Flower	Bluebonnet (Lupinus spp., namely Texas bluebonnet, L. texensis)
Insect	Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus)
Mammal	Texas longhorn, nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)
Reptile	Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum)
Tree	Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)
Inanimate insignia
Food	Chili
Instrument	Guitar
Shell	Lightning whelk (Busycon perversum pulleyi)
Ship	USS Texas
Slogan	The Friendly State
Soil	Houston Black
Sport	Rodeo
Other	Molecule: Buckyball (For more, see article)
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2004
Lists of United States state symbols

Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S., while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas–Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country, respectively. Other major cities include Austin, the second-most populous state capital in the U.S., and El Paso. Texas is nicknamed "The Lone Star State" to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico. The "Lone Star" can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texan state seal.[10] The origin of Texas's name is from the word taysha, which means "friends" in the Caddo language.[11]

Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions.[12] Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts, less than 10% of Texas's land area is desert.[13] Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests, and the coastline. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend.

The term "six flags over Texas"[note 1] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas. France held a short-lived colony. Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845,[14] Texas joined the union as the 28th state. The state's annexation set off a chain of events that led to the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U.S. in early 1861, and officially joined the Confederate States of America on March 2nd of the same year. After the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation.

Historically four major industries shaped the Texas economy prior to World War II: cattle and bison, cotton, timber, and oil.[15] Before and after the U.S. Civil War the cattle industry, which Texas came to dominate, was a major economic driver for the state, thus creating the traditional image of the Texas cowboy. In the later 19th century cotton and lumber grew to be major industries as the cattle industry became less lucrative. It was ultimately, though, the discovery of major petroleum deposits (Spindletop in particular) that initiated an economic boom which became the driving force behind the economy for much of the 20th century. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy and high tech industry in the mid-20th century. As of 2015, it is second on the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with 54.[16] With a growing base of industry, the state leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace, and biomedical sciences. Texas has led the U.S. in state export revenue since 2002, and has the second-highest gross state product. If Texas were a sovereign state, it would be the 10th largest economy in the world.

As of 2017, Texas had a gross state product (GSP) of $1.696 trillion, the second highest in the U.S.[167] Its GSP is greater than the GDPs of Canada, South Korea, Russia and Australia, which are the world's 10th-, 11th-, 12th- and 13th-largest economies, respectively.[168] Texas's economy is the fourth-largest of any country subdivision globally, behind England (as part of the UK), California, and Japan's Kantō region. Its per capita personal income in 2009 was $36,484, ranking 29th in the nation.[169]

A geomap depicting the income, by county, in Texas as of 2014

Texas's large population, abundance of natural resources, thriving cities and leading centers of higher education have contributed to a large and diverse economy. Since oil was discovered, the state's economy has reflected the state of the petroleum industry. In recent times, urban centers of the state have increased in size, containing two-thirds of the population in 2005. The state's economic growth has led to urban sprawl and its associated symptoms.[169]

As of April 2013, the state's unemployment rate is 6.4 percent.[170]

In 2010, Site Selection Magazine ranked Texas as the most business-friendly state in the nation, in part because of the state's three-billion-dollar Texas Enterprise Fund.[171] Texas has the joint-highest number of Fortune 500 company headquarters in the United States, along with California.[172][173]

In 2010, there were 346,000 millionaires in Texas, constituting the second-largest population of millionaires in the nation.[174][175]

The second president of the Republic of Texas, Mirabeau B. Lamar, is the Father of Texas Education. During his term, the state set aside three leagues of land in each county for equipping public schools. An additional 50 leagues of land set aside for the support of two universities would later become the basis of the state's Permanent University Fund.[270] Lamar's actions set the foundation for a Texas-wide public school system.[271] Between 2006 and 2007, Texas spent $7,275 per pupil ranking it below the national average of $9,389. The pupil/teacher ratio was 14.9, below the national average of 15.3. Texas paid instructors $41,744, below the national average of $46,593. The Texas Education Agency (TEA) administers the state's public school systems. Texas has over 1,000 school districts; all districts except the Stafford Municipal School District are independent from municipal government and many cross city boundaries.[272] School districts have the power to tax their residents and to assert eminent domain over privately owned property. Due to court-mandated equitable school financing for school districts, the state has a controversial tax redistribution system called the "Robin Hood plan". This plan transfers property tax revenue from wealthy school districts to poor ones.[273] The TEA has no authority over private or home school activities.[274]

Students in Texas take the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) in primary and secondary school. STAAR assess students' attainment of reading, writing, mathematics, science, and social studies skills required under Texas education standards and the No Child Left Behind Act. The test replaced the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) test in the 2011–2012 school year.[275]

Although unusual in the West, school corporal punishment is not uncommon in more conservative areas of the state, with 28,569 public school students[276] paddled at least one time, according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year.[277] The rate of school corporal punishment in Texas is surpassed only by Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas.[277]

The state's two most widely recognized flagship universities are The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University, ranked as the 52nd[278] and 69th[279] best universities in the nation according to the 2014 edition of U.S. News & World Report's "Best Colleges", respectively. Some observers[280] also include the University of Houston and Texas Tech University as tier one flagships alongside UT Austin and A&M.[281][282] The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) ranks the state's public universities into three distinct tiers:[283]

• National Research Universities (Tier 1)[284][285]
  • The University of Texas at Austin
  • Texas A&M University
  • Texas Tech University
  • University of Houston
  • The University of Texas at Arlington
  • The University of Texas at Dallas
  • The University of North Texas
  • The University of Texas at El Paso
• Emerging Research Universities (Tier 2)[283]
  • The University of Texas at San Antonio
  • Texas State University
• Comprehensive Universities (Tier 3)[283]
  • All other public universities (25 in total)

Texas's controversial alternative affirmative action plan, Texas House Bill 588, guarantees Texas students who graduated in the top 10 percent of their high school class automatic admission to state-funded universities. The bill encourages demographic diversity while avoiding problems stemming from the Hopwood v. Texas (1996) case.

Texas A&M University

Thirty-six (36) separate and distinct public universities exist in Texas, of which 32 belong to one of the six state university systems.[286][287] Discovery of minerals on Permanent University Fund land, particularly oil, has helped fund the rapid growth of the state's two largest university systems: the University of Texas System and the Texas A&M System. The four other university systems: the University of Houston System, the University of North Texas System, the Texas State System, and the Texas Tech System are not funded by the Permanent University Fund.

University of Houston

The Carnegie Foundation classifies three of Texas's universities as Tier One research institutions: The University of Texas at Austin, the Texas A&M University, and the University of Houston. The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University are flagship universities of the state of Texas. Both were established by the Texas Constitution and hold stakes in the Permanent University Fund. The state has been putting effort to expand the number of flagship universities by elevating some of its seven institutions designated as "emerging research universities". The two expected to emerge first are the University of Houston and Texas Tech University, likely in that order according to discussions on the House floor of the 82nd Texas Legislature.[288]

Rice University

The state is home to various private institutions of higher learning—ranging from liberal arts colleges to a nationally recognized top-tier research university. Rice University in Houston is one of the leading teaching and research universities of the United States and is ranked the nation's 17th-best overall university by U.S. News & World Report.[289] Trinity University, a private, primarily undergraduate liberal arts university in San Antonio, has ranked first among universities granting primarily bachelor's and select master's degrees in the Western United States for 20 consecutive years by U.S. News.[290] Private universities include Austin College, Baylor University, University of Mary Hardin–Baylor, and Southwestern University.[291][292][293]

Universities in Texas host three presidential libraries: George Bush Presidential Library at Texas A&M University, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum at The University of Texas at Austin, and the George W. Bush Presidential Library at Southern Methodist University.

• Texas—Languages. MLA. Retrieved April 15, 2010.

• Plocheck, Robert. Facts. Texas Almanac (2010–2011 ed.). Archived from the original on January 29, 2013.

• Environment. Texas Almanac. 2008. Retrieved July 3, 2018.

• "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. January 4, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019.

• "Median Annual Household Income". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved December 9, 2016.

• "El Capitan". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved October 20, 2011.

• "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2011.

• Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.

• Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. p. 551. ISBN 0-52128541-0 .

• "Introduction to Texas". Netstate.com. Retrieved April 11, 2010.

• Hanson-Harding, Alexandra (2001). Texas. Children's Press. ISBN 978-0-516-22322-3.

• Sansom, Andrew (2008). Water in Texas: An Introduction. University of Texas Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-292-71809-8.

• Dingus, Anne (1987). The dictionary of Texas misinformation. Texas Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-87719-089-9.

• "Resolutions" (PDF). Twenty-ninth Congress. 1845.

• Ramos, Mary G.; Reavis, Dick J. (2004). Texas. Fodor's Travel Publications. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-676-90502-1.

• Hackett, Robert (June 15, 2015). "States with the most Fortune 500 companies". Fortune. Time Inc.

• José Arlegui, Chronica de la provincia de N.S.P.S. Francisco de Zacatecas Front Cover (1737), p. 53.

• Davis, Lucile (2003). Caddo of Texas. Rosen Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 9780823964352.

• William Bright, Native American Placenames of the United States, University of Oklahoma Press (2004), p. 491.

• Weber, David J. (1992), The Spanish Frontier in North America, Yale Western Americana Series, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, p. 154.

• Oakah L. Jones, Los Paisanos: Spanish Settlers on the Northern Frontier of New Spain, University of Oklahoma Press (1996), p. 277, citing a document dated 5 November, 1730.

• Joseph de Laporte, El viagero universal: Ó, Noticia del mundo antiguo y nuevo vol. 27 (1799), p. 114.

• Teja, Jesús de la (June 15, 2010). "New Philippines". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Texas. Grafía recomendada para el nombre de este estado norteamericano. Su pronunciación correcta es [téjas], no [téksas]. Se recomienda escribir asimismo con x el gentilicio correspondiente: texano. Son también válidas las grafías con j (Tejas, tejano), de uso mayoritario en España." Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, Real Academia Española (2005), s.v. Texas.

• Charles Dimitry, "American Geographical Nomenclature", Appletons' Journal' 15 (1876), 758f.

• Griffin, Roger A. (March 21, 2016) [June 12, 2010]. "Compromise of 1850". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Tx Environmental Profiles". Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2006.

• "Rivers in Texas". Tpwd.state.tx.us. November 16, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2010.

• Bybee, Hal P. (June 15, 2010). "Rivers". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Alphabetical List of Texas Lakes". Tpwd.state.tx.us. January 28, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2010.

• Nova Lomax, John (March 3, 2015). "Is Texas Southern, Western, or Truly a Lone Star?". Texas Monthly. Retrieved September 6, 2016.

• Muzzafar, Asif. Timing of Diapir Growth and Cap Rock Formation, Davis Hill Salt Dome, Coastal Texas. GSA Annual Meeting, November 5–8, 2001. The Geological Society of America. Retrieved July 22, 2008.

• "Ogallala Aquifer". North Plains Groundwater Conservation District. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.

• "Earthquakes". Jackson School of Geosciences – University of Texas. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.

• "Texas Wildlife Identification & Viewing Guide". Wildtexas.com. December 3, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2013.

• "Texas Mammals". The Mammals of Texas - Online Edition. Natural Science Research Laboratory - Museum of Texas Tech University. Retrieved April 18, 2013.

• West, Mary Jane (1968). "Range Extension and Solitary nest founding in Polistes Exclamans". Psyche. 75 (2): 118–123. doi:10.1155/1968/49846.

• "El Paso, Texas Travel Weather Averages". Weatherbase. Retrieved April 18, 2013.

• "Mauriceville, Texas Travel Weather Averages". Weatherbase. Retrieved April 18, 2013.

• "History : Weather Underground". Wunderground.com. December 24, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2010.

• "Monthly Averages for Marfa, Texas". The Weather Channel. Retrieved October 15, 2008.

• "Monthly Averages for Galveston, Texas". The Weather Channel. Retrieved October 15, 2008.

• "Texas climate averages". Weatherbase. Retrieved November 10, 2015.

• NOOA.gov Archived April 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved on October 24, 2006.

• Bomar, George W. (June 15, 2010). "Weather". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Blake, Eric S.; Rappaport, Edward N.; Landsea, Christopher W. (April 15, 2007). "The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2006" (PDF). National Weather Service: National Hurricane Center.

• Hicks, Michael; Burton, Mark (September 8, 2017). Hurricane Harvey: Preliminary Estimates of Commercial and Public Sector Damages on the Houston Metropolitan Area (PDF) (Report). Ball State University. Retrieved November 1, 2017.

• Borenstein, Seth (June 4, 2007). "Blame Coal: Texas Leads in Overall Emissions". USA Today. Retrieved June 6, 2007.

• "Texas No. 1 producer of greenhouse gases". The Dallas Morning News. Associated Press. June 3, 2007. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2008.

• "Texas Is No. 1 Carbon Polluter In U.S." CBS News. Associated Press. January 16, 2008.

• "Living, and coughing, downwind of Texas smoke stacks". Raw Story. Agence France-Presse. November 10, 2011.

• Richardson (2005), p. 9.

• Richardson (2005), pp 10–16

• Klos, George (June 15, 2010). "Indians". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Fry, Phillip L. (March 7, 2016) [July 15, 2010]. "Texas, Origin of Name". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Richardson, p 1

• "Texas". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved February 25, 2007.

• Wallace Chafe, p.c.

• Glover, William B. "A History of the Caddo Indians". Reprinted from 'The Louisiana Historical Quarterly'; Vol. 18, No. 4. October 1935

• Swanton, John R. Indians of the Southeastern United States (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1946) p. 139

• Richardson, p 10

• Richardson, Rupert N.; Anderson, Adrian; Wintz, Cary D.; Wallace, Ernest. Texas: the Lone Star State (9th ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 10–16. ISBN 978-0-1318-3550-4.

• Chipman (1992), p. 243; Weber (1992), p. 34

• Chipman, Donald E. (August 3, 2017) [June 12, 2010]. "Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Chipman, Donald E. (January 23, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "Spanish Texas". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "The Journey of Alvar Nuńez Cabeza de Vaca". American Journeys. Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012.

• Davidson, James West; Lytle, Mark H (2010). "Chapter 1". After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection. Volume 1 (6th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-0733-8548-8.

• Winship, George Parker, ed. (1904). The Journey of Coronado, 1540–1542. New York: A.S. Barnes & Company. pp. 210–211.

• Weber (1992), p. 149.

• Chipman (1992), p. 83.

• Chipman (1992), p. 89.

• Weber (1992), p. 155.

• Chipman (1992), pp. 111–112; Weber (1992), p. 160

• Weber (1992), p. 163.

• Bolton, Herbert Eugene (1915). Texas in the Middle 18th Century. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. facing p. 382.

• Chipman (1992), p. 205.

• Weber (1992), p. 193.

• Weber (1992), p. 189.

• Weddle (1995), p. 163.

• Weddle (1995), p. 164; Chipman (1992), p. 200

• Chipman (1992), p. 202.

• Weber (1992), pp. 291–299.

• Davis (2006), p. 46.

• Weber (1992), p. 300.

• Manchaca (2001), p. 162.

• Manchaca (2001), p. 164.

• Manchaca (2001), p. 198.

• Manchaca (2001), pp. 198-199.

• Edmondson (2000), p. 75.

• Manchaca (2001), p. 172, 201.

• http://www.publishinghau5.com/The-History-of-Texas-page-9.php[permanent dead link]

• Edmondson (2000), p. 78.

• Davis (2006), p. 77.

• Davis (2006), p. 85.

• Davis (2006), pp. 86–89.

• Davis (2006), p. 92.

• Steen, Ralph W. (June 12, 2010). "Convention of 1833". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Huson, Hobart (1974). Captain Phillip Dimmitt's Commandancy of Goliad, 1835–1836: An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas, Usually Referred to as the Texian Revolution. Austin, Texas: Von Boeckmann-Jones Co. p. 4.

• Hardin (1994), p. 12.

• Barr (1990), p. 64.[full citation needed]

• Winders (2004), p. 72.

• Winders (2004), pp. 90, 92Hardin (1994), p. 109

• Hardin (1994), p. 102.

• Roell, Craig H. (July 12, 2016) [June 12, 2010]. "Coleto, Battle of". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Todish, Todish & Spring (1998), p. 68.

• Roberts and Olson (2001), p. 144.

• Todish, Todish & Spring (1998), p. 69.

• Todish, Todish & Spring (1998), p. 70.

• "The Archives War". Texas Treasures- The Republic. The Texas State Library and Archives Commission. November 2, 2005. Retrieved January 3, 2009.

• Calvert, Robert A.; León, Arnoldo De; Cantrell, Gregg (2002). The History of Texas. Harlan Davidson. ISBN 978-0-88295-966-5.

• Winders, Richard Bruce (2002). Crisis in the Southwest: The United States, Mexico, and the Struggle Over Texas. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8420-2801-1.

• Buescher, John. "Senatorial Division", Teachinghistory.org, accessed August 21, 2011. Archived July 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine

• Neu, C. T. (December 2, 2015) [June 9, 2010]. "Annexation". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Bauer, K. Jack (March 28, 2016) [June 15, 2010]. "Mexican War". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Britton, Karen Gerhardt; Elliott, Fred C.; Miller, E. A. (June 12, 2010). "Cotton Culture". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Schulte, Susan (December 9, 2010). "Visualizing Slavery: A Map of Slavery Interactive Feature". The New York Times.

• Dulaney, W. Marvin (July 25, 2016) [June 9, 2010]. "African Americans". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Buenger, Walter L. (March 8, 2011) [June 15, 2010]. "Secession Convention". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Kreneck, Thomas H. (March 30, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "Houston, Samuel". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Wooster, Ralph A. (January 30, 2017) [June 12, 2010]. "Civil War". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Federal Writers' Project (December 1997). Texas, A Guide to the Lone Star State: Brownsville. Native American Books Distributor. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-403-02192-5.

• Hunt, Jeffrey William (April 4, 2016) [June 15, 2010]. "Palmito Ranch, Battle of". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Historical Barriers to Voting". Texas Politics. University of Texas. Archived from the original on April 2, 2008. Retrieved October 13, 2008.

• Acosta, Teresa Palomo (October 6, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "Juneteenth". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Johnson, Andrew (August 20, 1866). Proclamation Declaring the Insurrection at an End. American Historical Documents. President of the United States. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• Moneyhon, Carl H. (January 30, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "Restoration". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Wooster, Robert; Sanders, Christine Moor (July 26, 2016) [June 15, 2010]. "Spindletop Oilfield". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Olien, Roger M. (August 19, 2016) [June 15, 2010]. "Oil and Gas Industry". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Nixon v. Condon. Disfranchisement of the Negro in Texas". The Yale Law Journal. 41 (8): 1212. June 1932. doi:10.2307/791091. JSTOR 791091.

• "Texas Politics: Historical Barriers to Voting". University of Texas at Austin. 2006. Archived from the original on April 2, 2008.

• Alwyn, Barr (June 15, 2010). "Socialist Party". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Jillson, Cal (2011). Texas Politics: Governing the Lone Star State. Taylor & Francis. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-203-82941-7.

• Lee, James Ward; Barnes, Carolyn N.; Bowman, Kent Adam (1991). 1941: Texas Goes to War. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-929398-29-7.

• Fairchild, Louis (2012). They Called It the War Effort: Oral Histories from World War II Orange, Texas (second ed.). Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0-87611-259-5.

• Peck, Merton J.; Scherer, Frederic M. (1962). The weapons acquisition process: an economic analysis. Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University. p. 111.

• Blanton, Carlos Kevin (2005). "The Campus and the Capitol: John B. Connally and the Struggle over Texas Higher Education Policy, 1950–1970". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 108 (4): 468–497. ISSN 0038-478X.

• Greenberg, Bradley S.; Parker, Edwin B. (1965). The Kennedy Assassination and the American Public: Social Communication in Crisis. Stanford University Press. p. 187.

• Calvert, Robert A. (January 30, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "Texas Since World War II". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Bill of Rights (Article 1)". Texas Politics. University of Texas. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2008.

• "The Plural Executive". Texas Politics. University of Texas. 2005. Archived from the original on September 28, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2008.

• "Membership". Texas Politics. University of Texas. 2005. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2008.

• "Special Sessions". Texas Politics. University of Texas. 2005. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2008.

• Womack, Paul (June 15, 2010). "Judiciary". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Procter, Ben H. (February 8, 2018) [June 15, 2010]. "Texas Rangers". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• African-American Pioneers of Texas: From the Old West to the New Frontiers (Teacher's Manual) (PDF). Museum of Texas Tech University: Education Division. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2007.

• "Political Parties". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association. June 15, 2010.

• Risen, Clay (March 5, 2006). "How the South was won". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 29, 2008.

• "History of Texas Voters". NewsChannel10. KFDA-TV. November 8, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2016.

• "How Texas Became a "Red" State". Frontline. PBS. April 12, 2005. Retrieved December 16, 2016.

• "The Texas Gerrymander". The New York Times. March 1, 2006.

• Ridder, Knight (July 29, 2003). "11 Texas Senate Democrats Take Cue from House, Bolt to Avoid Redistricting". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved January 7, 2009. [dead link]

• "Justices Back Most G.O.P. Changes to Texas Districts". The New York Times. The Associated Press. June 28, 2006.

• Fernandez, Manny (May 27, 2014). "Lieutenant Governor Loses Texas Runoff as Tea Party Holds Sway". The New York Times.

• Koppel, Nathan (January 21, 2015). "Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick Moves Quickly to Advance Conservative Agenda". The Wall Street Journal.

• Grissom, Brandi (May 28, 2014). "Tea Party Conservatives Win Top GOP Runoff Contests". The Texas Tribune.

• Fernandez, Manny (January 20, 2015). "Texas' New Governor Echoes the Plans of Perry". The New York Times.

• "Texas Political Culture – Introduction". Texas Politics. University of Texas. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.

• "Texas Political Culture – Low Taxes, Low Services Political Culture". Texas Politics. University of Texas. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2008.

• "2000 Presidential General Election Results – Texas". US Election Atlas. Retrieved July 22, 2008.

• "2004 Presidential General Election Results – Texas". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved July 22, 2007.

• "Race Summary Report, 2016 General Election". Texas Secretary of State. Retrieved December 1, 2016.

• McDonald, John V. (August 2000). An Analysis of Texas' Municipal Home Rule Charters Since 1994" (Thesis). Texas State University.

• "Run for Party Nomination to Public Office". Texas Politics. University of Texas. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2008.

• "Texas executes 500th person since resuming death penalty". BBC News. June 27, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2013.

• Sabol, William J.; West, Heather C.; Cooper, Matthew (December 2009). "Prisoners in 2008" (PDF). Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin.

• "TEX PE. CODE ANN. § 9.42 : Texas Statutes – Section 9.42: DEADLY FORCE TO PROTECT PROPERTY". Codes.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved July 8, 2013.

• [1]

• http://www.aei.org/publication/putting-americas-enormous-19-4t-economy-into-perspective-by-comparing-us-state-gdps-to-entire-countries

• "Economic Geography". Texas Politics. University of Texas. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2008.

• "Local Area Unemployment Statistics". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved September 7, 2011.

• "Site Selection Rankings". Retrieved October 10, 2011.

• "Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies". FORTUNE on CNNMoney.com. CNN. May 3, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2011.

• "Fortune 500 2010: States: California Companies". FORTUNE on CNNMoney.com. CNN. May 3, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2011.

• Second to California

• Scott, Walter (May 2, 2010). "Personality Parade". Parade Magazine. p. 2.

• "Texas". Research Areas. The Tax Foundation. 2010. Retrieved October 15, 2010.

• "State Individual Income Taxes". Federation of Tax Administrators. Archived from the original on October 3, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2008.

• "Why does Texas (Taxus) have the highest property taxes and 3rd highest sales tax?". Alltaxtips.com. May 9, 2011. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2011.

• "FAQ: Texas Sales Tax". Window.state.tx.us. Retrieved January 10, 2011.

• Story, Louise (December 1, 2012). "Lines Blur as Texas Gives Industries a Bonanza". The New York Times.

• "UNITED STATES OF SUBSIDIES, Texas". The New York Times. December 1, 2012.

• "The Texas Economy". netstate.com. June 5, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2008.

• Electronic Municipal Market Access (2013). "Appendix A" (PDF). The State of Texas. Washington, D.C.: Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB). Retrieved October 23, 2016.

• "Crop Production: 2014 Summary" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. pp. 48–49. Retrieved July 23, 2015.

• Carmack, Liz (June 21, 2013). "The Legacy of 'King Cotton'". County. Texas Association of Counties. Retrieved July 23, 2015.

• Marsh, Wendell (August 5, 2011). "No relief in sight for Texas heat and drought". Reuters. Retrieved January 13, 2013.

• Ramos, Mary G. "Oil and Texas: A Cultural History". Texas Almanac 2000–2001. The Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved July 3, 2018.

• Alexander Kent (July 28, 2014). "The 10 Most Oil-Rich States". 24/7 Wall Street. Retrieved August 5, 2014.

• Prindle, David F. (June 15, 2010). "Railroad Commission". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Petroleum Profile: Texas". Energy Information Administration. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2008.

• "Texas State Energy Profile: Electricity". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved July 23, 2015. Texas produces more electricity than any other state, generating almost twice as much as the next largest generating state.

• "Electricity Data Browser: Net generation from electricity plants for all fuels, annual". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved July 23, 2015.

• Souder, Elizabeth (January 2008). "Texas leads nation in wind power capacity". The Dallas Morning News.

• Clark, Stacy (December 6, 2017). "Hold Onto Your Bonnets! Breezes and Sunshine to Power Georgetown, TX". Huffington Post.

• O'Grady, Eileen (October 1, 2009). "E.ON completes world's largest wind farm in Texas". Reuters. Retrieved August 26, 2010.

• "Locations". Lockheed Martin. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2008.

• "About Bell Helicopter". Bell Helicopter. Retrieved May 22, 2008.

• Rosenwald, Michael S. (December 17, 2007). "Downside of Dominance?". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2008.

• "Texas". Fortune Magazine. April 30, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2008.

• "Dallas Shopping". Dallas Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved June 26, 2016.

• "Recent Economic Transformations". Texas Politics. University of Texas. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2008.

• Resident Population Data. "Resident Population Data – 2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2012.

• "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018". U.S. Census Bureau. January 4, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019.

• Roberson, Jason (December 4, 2007). "Politics, poverty, immigration entangle Texas health care". The Dallas Morning News.

• Slevin, Peter (April 30, 2010). "New Arizona law puts police in 'tenuous' spot". Washington Post. pp. A4.

• behind Nevada, Arizona, California, and New Jersey

• Jones, Susan (February 23, 2015). "Texas Governor: Since Jan. 1, 'We Have Had More Than 20,000 People Come Across the Border'". CNS News. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
  "Face the Nation Transcripts February 22, 2015: Johnson, Abbott, McCain". CBS News. February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.

• Hennessy-Fiske, Molly; Carcamo, Cindy (June 16, 2014). "In Texas' Rio Grande Valley, a seemingly endless surge of immigrants". Los Angeles Times.

• Miroff, Nick; Partlow, Joshua (June 12, 2014). "Central American migrants overwhelm Border Patrol station in Texas". Washington Post.

• Salamon, Jeff (November 2010). "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Illegal Immigration (But Didn't Know Who to Ask)". Texas Monthly.

• Krogstad, Jens Manuel; Passel, Jeffrey S.; Cohn, D’Vera (April 27, 2017). "Fact Tank - Our Lives in Numbers: 5 facts about illegal immigration in the U.S." Pew Research Center.

• Estimates of the Population by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity for July 1, 2015 for State of Texas. Texas Demographic Center, U.S. Bureau of the Census State Data Center Program (PDF), July 15, 2015, retrieved June 8, 2017

• Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder – Results". census.gov.

• "US Census Bureau: Table QT-P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010". Factfinder2.census.gov. October 5, 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer.

• "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• Population of Texas: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts[dead link]

• 2010 Census Data. "2010 Census Data". Census.gov. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• "Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3" (PDF). Retrieved July 8, 2013.

• Lieberson, Stanley & Waters, Mary C. (1986). "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 487 (79): 82–86. doi:10.1177/0002716286487001004.

• Fischer, David Hackett (1989). Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 633–639. ISBN 978-0-19-503794-4.

• "Czech language" (PDF). U.S. English. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2013.

• "Texas – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006–2008". Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved January 10, 2011.

• "Texas – Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2006–2008". Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved January 10, 2011.

• Frey, William H. (May 2004). The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000 (Report). The Brookings Institution. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 28, 2008.

• Castillo, Juan (November 17, 2011). "Hispanics make up nearly half of all Texas births in 2010, U.S. says". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2011.

• Jervis, Rick (February 23, 2011). "Majority of Texas' population growth is Hispanic". USA Today.

• "Texas Adolescent Reproductive Health Facts". US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• "100 Largest Cities by Decade". U.S. Bureau of the Census. June 15, 1998.

• Fehrenbach, T. R. (March 30, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "San Antonio, TX". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• McComb, David G. (May 5, 2016) [June 15, 2010]. "Galveston, TX". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• McComb, David G. (February 15, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "Houston, TX". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2006 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006" (CSV). 2005 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. June 10, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2008. [dead link]

• Neuman, Michael. "The Texas Urban Triangle: Framework for Future Growth". Southwest Region University Transportation Center (SWUTC). Archived from the original on July 5, 2009. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

• "GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Retrieved March 1, 2009.

• Hellmann, Paul T. (February 14, 2006). "Georgia". Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Routledge. ISBN 978-1135948597. Retrieved February 16, 2017.

• Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Office of Community Affairs. "Colonias FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions)". Texas Secretary of State. Archived from the original on October 9, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2008.

• Grinberg, Emmanuella. "Impoverished border town grows from shacks into community". CNN. July 8, 2011. Retrieved on July 9, 2011.

• Brinkhoff, Thomas (February 19, 2011). "Texas (USA): State, Major Cities, Towns & Places". City Population. Retrieved May 28, 2012.

• "Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Texan". PBS. November 29, 2003. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• "Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Texan . Drawl". PBS. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• Kirstin Squint, A Linguistic and Cultural Comparison of Haitian Creole and Louisiana Creole, postcolonial.org, Accessed March 11, 2014

• "Texas". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved August 11, 2013.

• Blatt, Ben. "Tagalog in California, Cherokee in Arkansas: What language does your state speak?". Data source: Census Bureau American Community Survey. Map by Ben Blatt/Slate. Retrieved June 2, 2014.

• Pew Research Center, "Religious Landscape Study: Texas"

• "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". www.thearda.com. Retrieved December 12, 2013.

• Connolly, Ceci (January 21, 2003). "Texas Teaches Abstinence, With Mixed Grades". Washington Post. pp. A01. Archived from the original on October 3, 2005. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "Top 100 Largest Churches in America". SermonCentral.com. April 13, 2009. Retrieved April 11, 2010.

• "Texas Online: Muslim growth adds to Texas diversity". Texanonline.net. Retrieved May 7, 2012.

• Storey, John Woodrow; Kelley; Mary L. (2008). Twentieth-century Texas: a social and cultural history. University of North Texas Press. p. 145.

• Lindsey, William D.; Silk, Mark: Religion and public life in the southern crossroads: showdown states, Altamira Press, 2004, pg. 48

• "Dallas Museum Lands a Rich Trove of Islamic Art". The New York Times. February 4, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2016.

• "Census Regions and Divisions of the United States" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, 2016.

• Fernandez, Manny (September 14, 2013). "Not to Be, Um, Trifled With, Texas Guards Its Slogans". The New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2013.

• "Texas-sized Hurricane Dean spins toward Yucatan". CNN.com. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008.

• "Floating, Texas-sized garbage patch threatens Pacific marine sanctuary". ars technica. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008.

• "Texas-Sized Supercomputer to Break Computing Power Record". Wired.com. June 26, 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2014.

• "Dems in Texas-sized showdown". ABC News.

• "A Texas-Sized Battle: Evolution vs. ID". CBNnews.com.

• Popik, Barry. "Everything's Bigger in Texas". The Big Apple online etymological dictionary. Retrieved April 7, 2015.

• Brown, Peter Jensen. "Everything is Bigger in Texas – from New York City?". Early Sports 'n' Pop-Culture History. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

• "About Houston Theater District". Houston Theater District. Archived from the original on February 29, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "Dallas Arts District". Dallas Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved May 29, 2008.

• Maxwell, Lisa C. (November 1, 2015) [June 12, 2010]. "Deep Ellum". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Dallas History Items: Deep Ellum". Dallas Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2008.

• "Live Music Capital of the World". City of Austin. Retrieved June 12, 2007.

• Bernardini, Deb. "Television's longest running concert series begins season 33 Tapings with performances by Norah Fones, Wilco, Femi Kuti, Arcade Fire and more" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2008. Retrieved October 15, 2008.

• "About The Texas Talent Musicians Association (TTMA)". Texas Talent Musicians Association. Archived from the original on March 10, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2009.

• "Tejano Music Awards". Texas Talent Musicians Association. 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2008.

• Smyrl, Vivian Elizabeth (June 15, 2010). "Permanent University Fund". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Hendrickson, Kenneth E., Jr. (1995). The Chief of Executives of Texas: From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-89096-641-9.

• "Comptroller Strayhorn to Review Stafford Municipal School District" (Press release). Texas Comptroller Carole Keeton Strayhorn. September 16, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2004. Retrieved June 28, 2008.

• Saghaye-Biria, Hakimeh (April 22, 2001). "Robin Hood Plan is Working". World Internet News Cooperative. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2008.

• "Home School Information Letter". Texas Education Agency. November 1, 2007. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2008.

• Texas Education Agency (October 22, 2007). "End-of-Course (EOC) Assessments: Implementation". Assessment Division. Archived from the original on November 20, 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2007.

• Please note this figure refers to only the number of students paddled, regardless of whether a student was spanked multiple times in a year, and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment, which would be substantially higher.

• Farrell, Colin (February 2016). "Corporal punishment in US schools". World Corporal Punishment Research. Retrieved April 4, 2016.

• "University of Texas—Austin Archived September 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved November 17, 2013.

• "Texas A&M University—College Station Archived September 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved November 17, 2013.

• "UH takes big step up to Tier One status". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 6, 2011.

• Bonnin, Richard. "Carnegie Foundation Gives University of Houston its Highest Classification for Research Success, Elevating UH to Tier One Status". University of Houston. Retrieved February 8, 2011.

• "Texas Tech University has quietly emerged as top-tier institution Archived February 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine". San Angelo Standard-Times. Retrieved November 17, 2013.

• "Tier One/Prop. 4 Archived September 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine". The University of Texas System. Retrieved November 17, 2013.

• "Tech and U. of Houston Qualify for Tier-One Prize Money". Texas Tribune. Retrieved November 17, 2013.

• "UTEP hits major milestone with top-tier research funding status". El Paso Times. Retrieved January 9, 2019.

• Heath, Ben (July 7, 2003). "Bill requires review of university systems" (PDF). Daily Texan. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2007.

• "Senate Subcommittee on Higher Education Testimony Regarding the Benefits of a Stand Alone Institution" (PDF). Sam Houston State University. June 25, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2008.

• "Tier-One Prize Money Tentatively Passes House". Retrieved April 27, 2011.

• "Rice University, Best Colleges 2009". – US News and World Report. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.

• "Trinity University". Best Colleges 2011 – US News and World Report. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2012.

• "About Baylor". Baylor University. Retrieved May 21, 2008.

• "Southwestern History". Southwestern University. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. Retrieved October 12, 2008.

• "History". Austin College. Retrieved June 9, 2015.

• "Explore Health Measures in Texas | 2017 Annual Report". America's Health Rankings. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

• Texas Department of State Health Services (2006). "Strategic Plan for the Prevention of Obesity in Texas 2005-2010".

• Services, Texas Department of State Health. "Obesity Data". dshs.texas.gov. Retrieved October 21, 2018.

• "Explore Obesity in Texas | 2017 Annual Report". America's Health Rankings. Retrieved October 21, 2018.

• "State Briefs". The State of Obesity. Retrieved October 21, 2018.

• Combs, Susan (2014). "The Hefty Price of Obesity in Texas". Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts.

• Texas Department of State Health Services (2006). "Strategic Plan for the Prevention of Obesity in Texas 2005-2010".

• Texas Department of State Health Services (2006). "Strategic Plan for the Prevention of Obesity in Texas 2005-2010".

• Golan, Moria; Kaufman, Vered; Shahar, Danit R. (May 2006). "Childhood obesity treatment: targeting parents exclusively v. parents and children". British Journal of Nutrition. 95 (5): 1008–1015. doi:10.1079/BJN20061757. ISSN 1475-2662.

• Texas Department of State Health Services (2006). "Strategic Plan for the Prevention of Obesity in Texas 2005-2010".

• Waseem, Talat; Mogensen, Kris M.; Lautz, David B.; Robinson, Malcolm K. (October 2007). "Pathophysiology of Obesity: Why Surgery Remains the Most Effective Treatment". Obesity Surgery. 17 (10): 1389–1398. doi:10.1007/s11695-007-9220-1. ISSN 0960-8923. PMID 18000735.

• Kumanyika, S; Jeffery, RW; Morabia, A; Ritenbaugh, C; Antipatis, VJ (March 2002). "Obesity prevention: the case for action". International Journal of Obesity. 26 (3): 425–436. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801938. ISSN 0307-0565.

• Bleich, Sara N.; Thorpe, Roland J.; Sharif-Harris, Hamidah; Fesahazion, Ruth; LaVeist, Thomas A. (May 1, 2010). "Social context explains race disparities in obesity among women". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 64 (5): 465–469. doi:10.1136/jech.2009.096297. ISSN 0143-005X. PMID 20445215.

• Texas Department of State Health Services (2006). "Strategic Plan for the Prevention of Obesity in Texas 2005-2010".

• Texas Department of State Health Services. "Obesity Prevention Program".

• Maxwell, Jane (June 2014). "Substance Abuse Trends in Texas: June 2014". Community Epidemiology Workgroup at UT Austin.

• "Explore Binge Drinking in TX) | 2017 Annual Report". America's Health Rankings. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

• "The Effects of Alcohol Use - DrugAbuse.com". drugabuse.com. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

• "Youth Online: High School YRBS - Texas 2017 Results | DASH | CDC". nccd.cdc.gov. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

• "Take Action - Texas | MADD". MADD. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

• Redden, Molly (August 20, 2016). "Texas has highest maternal mortality rate in developed world, study finds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved December 23, 2016.

• "Peristats | March of Dimes". www.marchofdimes.org. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• "Birth Rate per 1,000 Women Ages 15-44". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. June 1, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• "Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Task Force". Texas Department of State Health Services. 2018.

• "What causes infant mortality?". http://www.nichd.nih.gov/. Retrieved October 20, 2018. External link in |website= (help)

• "Explore Infant Mortality in TX) | 2017 Annual Report". America's Health Rankings. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• "Infant Mortality Rates in Texas". UT System Population Health. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• Kormondy, M. (2017). "2017 Healthy Texas Babies Data Book". Texas Department of State Health Services.

• Callaghan, W. M. (2006). "The Contribution of Preterm Birth to Infant Mortality Rates in United States". Pediatrics. 118.

• Kormondy, M. (2017). "2017 Healthy Texas Babies Data Book". Texas Department of State Health Services.

• "Texas". State Data. Trust for America's Health. 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

• "Premature Labor - American Pregnancy Association". American Pregnancy Association. April 26, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• Kormondy, M. (2017). "2017 Healthy Texas Babies Data Book". Texas Department of State Health Services.

• "Prenatal care | Womenshealth.gov". womenshealth.gov. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• "Content - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center". www.urmc.rochester.edu. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• "Preterm labor and premature birth: Are you at risk?". Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• Kormondy, M. (2017). "2017 Healthy Texas Babies Data Book". Texas Department of State Health Services.

• Nepal, Vishnu P.; Banerjee, Deborah; Perry, Mark (October 27, 2010). "Prenatal Care Barriers in an Inner-city Neighborhood of Houston, Texas". Journal of Primary Care & Community Health. 2 (1): 33–36. doi:10.1177/2150131910385944. ISSN 2150-1319.

• Steering Committee for Reducing Maternal Mortality (2018). "Improving Maternal Health in Harris County" (PDF).

• "National Immunization Survey (NIS)". 2018.

• "Completion and compliance of childhood vaccinations in the United States". Vaccine. 34 (3): 387–394. January 12, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.011. ISSN 0264-410X.

• Services, Texas Department of State Health. "IMMTRAC". www.dshs.texas.gov. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• https://www.immunizeusa.org/media/28805/83rd-Legislative-Session-Summary_TIP.pdf

• "Texas Administrative Code". texreg.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

• "Texas Medical Schools and Hospitals". Texas Medical Association. August 3, 2006. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "Dental Schools in the United States". Dentist.net. Retrieved October 31, 2008.

• "Accreditation Council on Optometric Education". American Optometric Association. Retrieved December 26, 2011.

• "University Selects Bioscrypt for Biosafety Level 4 Lab". Bioscrypt. October 14, 2004. Archived from the original on November 17, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2006.

• "Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) Laboratory". Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2006.

• "About the Texas Medical Center". The Texas Medical Center. Archived from the original on August 10, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2009.

• "Background Statistics > People and Politics (most recent) by state". State Master. May 8, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2008.

• "About MD Anderson". The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "Health Science Center ranks sixth in clinical medicine". XL (7 ed.). University of Texas Health Science Center. April 3, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "International report gives Dental School high marks". HSC NEWS. Retrieved May 15, 2008.

• "Medical center's research ranks high". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved May 15, 2008. [dead link]

• "About UT Southwestern". University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "UT Southwestern Fact Sheet" (PDF). University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "America's Fittest Cities 2007". Men's Health. 2008. Archived from the original on March 13, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.

• Statemaster.com, Accessed May 16, 2007

• Perotin, Maria M. (June 13, 2007). "Texas is Near Bottom of Healthcare Rankings". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved April 22, 2008. [permanent dead link]

• "Code Red: The Critical Condition of Health in Texas". Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• Moreno, Megan A. (July 1, 2011). "Media Influence on Adolescent Alcohol Use". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 165 (7): 680. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.121. ISSN 1072-4710.

• "Aviation Division". Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2009.

• "Transportation Division". Texas Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2008.

• "5 Reasons To Choose the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex As A Distribution Hub" (PDF). JDF Distribution. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

• "Texas and General Foreign Trade Zones Information" (PDF). Office of the Governor of Texas. August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2008.

• "Interstate 45 South, the Gulf Freeway". TexasFreeway.com. May 28, 2001. Retrieved October 15, 2008.

• "LoneStarRoads – Highways of Texas". AARoads. February 9, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.

• "Global List of Toll Facilities – United States". International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association. 2005. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2008.

• Owens, Owens; Sunseri, Gina (October 24, 2012). "Speeding Through Texas: Going 85 MPH on the Nation's Fastest Highway". ABCNews.com. Retrieved October 28, 2012.

• "Facts about DFW". Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Archived from the original on September 12, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

• Jennifer LeClaire. "10 Great Places for Aviation and Aerospace". Southern Business and Development. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport". USAToday. Archived from the original on June 30, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• Investor Relations. "American Airlines | Investor Relations | News Release". Phx.corporate-ir.net. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• International Air Transport Association. "Scheduled Passengers Carried". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.

• "We Weren't Just Airborne Yesterday". Southwest Airlines. May 2, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2007.

• "United Continental Holdings, Inc. – Investor Relations – News". Ir.unitedcontinentalholdings.com. January 8, 2014. Archived from the original on March 18, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• Based on the industry-standard measure of revenue passenger-kilometers/miles flown.

• "About George Bush Intercontinental Airport". Houston Airport System. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2008.

• "Houston Emerges As The Premier Gateway In The U.S. For Travelers To Mexico" (Press release). Houston Airport System. April 12, 2005. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved December 30, 2006.

• "About Texas Ports". Texas Ports Association. Retrieved May 7, 2008.

• "Benefits of Texas Ports". Texas Ports Association. Retrieved May 7, 2008.

• "General Information". The Port of Houston Authority. March 31, 2008. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2008.

• "Welcome to the Houston-Galveston Navigation Channel Project Online Resource Center" (description), United States Army Corps of Engineers, December 2005, United States Army Corps of Engineers Archived January 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine

• Werner, George C. (June 12, 2010). "Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Hofsommer, Donovan L. (June 15, 2010). "Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Former Rail Division". Texas Railroad Commission. October 1, 2005. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2008.

• Myerson, Allen R. (June 14, 1996). "Dallas Opening Southwest's First Rail Transit". New York Times. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2008.

• "Trinity Railroad Express". Retrieved June 11, 2008.

• "TEXRail to begin service Thursday after delay due to government shutdown". WFAA. January 4, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2019.

• "DART inMotion 2011". Retrieved April 10, 2019.

• Brady, Erik (April 4, 2003). "Football still king, but hoops teams in Texas grab attention". USA TODAY. Retrieved April 11, 2008.

• Davis, Brian (October 7, 2005). "UT-OU : Best Rivalry?". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2006.

• "University Interscholastic League". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved September 28, 2008.

• "View Atlas Data". Atlas.thc.state.tx.us. Retrieved April 11, 2010.

• "Houston Rodeo Tickets". Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo. 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.

• "Fair Park, Texas". City of Dallas. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2008.

        School Description

Choose the education that's right for YOU!               

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Computer Information Systems (CIS)
School: DeVry University Program: Today's computer information systems (CIS) professionals provide invaluable and highly specialized computer systems expertise, helping companies stay competitive in the global marketplace. These experts harness technology and enable organizations to use information to the fullest. In short, CIS experts are vital to the bottom-line success of every enterprise. The CIS program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and science, business and accounting, systems concepts, programming, and systems development. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Dallas (Irving), TX ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Information Technology (IT)
School: DeVry University Program: The Information Technology (IT) program is designed for the baccalaureate-level college graduate seeking to pursue a career in IT. The program is structured around a core of technology-oriented specialty courses with emphasis on applying computer technology to solve business problems. Students draw on their college and business backgrounds as they work in teams to develop solutions to case studies. Project management, communication skills and ongoing IT administration, all of which are critically important in today's rapidly changing business environment, are integrated across the program. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Dallas (Irving), TX ::  more info

top

Information Systems - Select a State
Alabama	Massachusetts	Ontario
Arizona	Winnepeg, MB	Oregon
Vancouver, BC	Maryland	Pennsylvania
California	Minnesota	Quebec
Colorado	Missouri	Rhode Island
Connecticut	Mississippi	Texas
Florida	New Jersey	Utah
Georgia	New Mexico	Virginia
Hawaii	Nevada	Washington
Idaho	New York	Wisconsin
Illinois	Ohio	Online Programs
Louisiana	Oklahoma

School Description

information systems

Texas Listing

Today's computer information systems (CIS) professionals provide invaluable and highly specialized computer systems expertise, helping companies stay competitive in the global marketplace. These experts harness technology and enable organizations to use information to the fullest. In short, CIS experts are vital to the bottom-line success of every enterprise.

The CIS program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and science, business and accounting, systems concepts, programming, and systems development.

top

Information Systems Sponsors

| Technical and Non-Technical Degrees | Chubb Institute | DeVry University | University of Phoenix | DeVry Keller University | College Searching

College Searching Sponsors

debt consolidation | University Online Degree | Home Remodeling | debt help | General Links |

about | contact | sitemap

College Searching and Online Degrees offer Associate, Bachelor, Masters and Ph.D. degrees in automotive, teaching, finance, internet technology, accounting, marketing, Information Systems, nursing, computer science, fashion and graphic design, and much more!