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In the United States, a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education. These certificates usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge about a certain vocational or professional subject. Certificate programs can be completed more quickly than associate degrees and often do not have general education requirements. Undergraduate certificates represent completion of a specific program offered in coordination with a bachelors degree. Graduate certificates represent completion of studies beyond the bachelor's degree, yet short of a masters degree.

In the State of Maryland, a Certificate of Merit was, until recently, issued to graduating high-school seniors who met certain academic requirements (such as completion of advanced courses and a cumulative GPA of 3.00); the statewide certificate has since been replaced by "endorsements" defined by each local school system.[3]

It also may be awarded as a necessary certification to validate that a student is considered competent in a certain specific networking skill area in information technology. Thus a computer engineer or computer science graduation most likely will have to obtain additional certificates on and pertaining to the specific technologies or equipment used by the hiring corporation; if not, such employer may suffer unwanted penalties like foregoing (voiding the contract) the protections of a certain level of customer service or warranties.

A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies. Most certifications are time-limited; some expire after a period of time (e.g., the lifetime of a product that required certification for use), while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met. Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up-to-date on advancements in the field, evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits (CECs), or continuing education units (CEUs), from approved professional development courses.

Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations, trade organizations, or private vendors interested in raising industry standards. Certificate programs are often created or endorsed by professional associations, but are typically completely independent from membership organizations. Certifications are very common in fields such as aviation, construction, technology, environment, and other industrial sectors, as well as healthcare, business, real estate, and finance.

According to The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997) by Phillip Barnhart, "certifications are portable, since they do not depend on one company's definition of a certain job" and they provide protential employers with "an impartial, third-party endorsement of an individual's professional knowledge and experience".[1]

Certification is different from professional licensure. In the United States, licenses are typically issued by state agencies, whereas certifications are usually awarded by professional societies or educational institutes. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. In other countries, licenses are typically granted by professional societies or universities and require a certificate after about three to five years and so on thereafter. The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than that of licensure, though sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same, despite differing in terms of legal status.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines the standard for being a certifying agency as meeting the following two requirements:

1. Delivering an assessment based on industry knowledge that is independent from training courses or course providers
2. Granting a time-limited credential to anyone who meets the assessment standards

The Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) is a U.S.-based organization that sets standards for the accreditation of personnel certification and certificate programs based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, a joint publication of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Many members of the Association of Test Publishers (ATP) are also certification organizations.

• Phillip Barnhart, The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997), HRD Press. ISBN 0-8493-9960-2 Retrieved electronically 7 July 2009.

• Master of Professional Studies in Real Estate. "Advanced Professional Certificate in Real Estate | Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies". Scs.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

• "Certificate Programs". lesley.edu.

Information systems (IS) are formal, sociotechnical, organizational systems designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information. In a sociotechnical perspective, information systems are composed by four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and technology.

A computer information system is a system composed of people and computers that processes or interprets information. The term is also sometimes used in more restricted senses to refer to only the software used to run a computerized database or to refer to only a computer system.

Information Systems is an academic study of systems with a specific reference to information and the complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also distribute data. An emphasis is placed on an information system having a definitive boundary, users, processors, storage, inputs, outputs and the aforementioned communication networks.

Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and decision-making. An information system is the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, and also the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.

Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.

Alter argues for advantages of viewing an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans or machines perform processes and activities using resources to produce specific products or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities are devoted to capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying information.

As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision making and action.

Information systems are the primary focus of study for organizational informatics.

Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ (listen) is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Of the fifty states, it is the 34th largest by area, the seventh most populous, and the tenth most densely populated. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.

State of Ohio
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Buckeye State; Birthplace of Aviation; The Heart of It All
Motto(s): With God, all things are possible (1959)[1]
State song(s): "Beautiful Ohio (1969)[2] Hang On Sloopy (1985)[3]"
Official language	De jure: None De facto: English
Spoken languages	English 93.3% Spanish 2.2% Other 4.5%[4]
Demonym	Ohioan; Buckeye[5] (colloq.)
Capital (and largest city)	Columbus[6][7]
Largest metro	Greater Cincinnati Greater Columbus (see footnotes[8])
Area	Ranked 34th
• Total	44,825 sq mi (116,096 km2)
• Width	220 miles (355 km)
• Length	220 miles (355 km)
• % water	8.7
• Latitude	38° 24′ N to 41° 59′ N
• Longitude	80° 31′ W to 84° 49′ W
Population	Ranked 7th
• Total	11,689,442 (2018)
• Density	282/sq mi  (109/km2) Ranked 10th
• Median household income	$54,021[9] (36th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Campbell Hill[10][11] 1,549 ft (472 m)
• Mean	850 ft  (260 m)
• Lowest point	Ohio River at Indiana border[10][11] 455 ft (139 m)
Admitted to the Union	March 1, 1803[12] (17th, declared retroactively on August 7, 1953[13])
Governor	Mike DeWine (R)
Lieutenant Governor	Jon Husted (R)
Legislature	General Assembly
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	Sherrod Brown (D) Rob Portman (R)
U.S. House delegation	12 Republicans 4 Democrats (list)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC -5/-4
ISO 3166	US-OH
Abbreviations	OH[14]
Website	www.ohio.gov

Ohio state symbols
The Flag of Ohio
The Seal of Ohio
Living insignia
Amphibian	Spotted salamander
Bird	Cardinal (1933)[2]
Flower	Red carnation (1904)[2]
Insect	Ladybug (1975)[2]
Mammal	White-tailed deer (1987)[2]
Reptile	Black racer snake (1995)[2]
Tree	Buckeye (1953)[2]
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Tomato juice (1965)[2]
Fossil	Isotelus maximus, a trilobite (1985)[2]
Gemstone	Ohio flint (1965)[2]
Slogan	So Much to Discover
Other	Wild flower: Great white trillium (1986)[2] Fruit: Pawpaw
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2002
Lists of United States state symbols

The state takes its name from the Ohio River, whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo', meaning "good river", "great river" or "large creek".[15][16][17] Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the Northwest Ordinance.[12][18] Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".[5]

Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier, to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union, to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transmogrifying to a more information and service based economy in the 21st.

The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, led by the state Supreme Court. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives.[19] Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections.[20] Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state.

Ohio is an industrial state, ranking 8th out of 50 states in GDP (2015), and is the second largest producer of automobiles behind Michigan.

In 2010, Ohio was ranked No. 2 in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database.[99] The state has also won three consecutive Governor's Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments.[100] As of 2016, Ohio's gross domestic product (GDP) was $626 billion.[101] This ranks Ohio's economy as the seventh-largest of all fifty states and the District of Columbia.[102]

The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state No. 10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked No. 6 at 1.9%.[103] Ohio was ranked No. 11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009.[104] The Directorship's Boardroom Guide ranked the state No. 13 overall for best business climate, including No. 7 for best litigation climate.[105] Forbes ranked the state No. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009.[106] Ohio has 5 of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to U.S. News and World Report's 2010 rankings,[107] and was ranked No. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.[108]

Ohio's unemployment rate stands at 4.5% as of February 2018,[109] down from 10.7% in May 2010.[110][111] The state still lacks 45,000 jobs compared to the prerecession numbers of 2007.[112] The labor force participation as of April 2015 is 63%, slightly above the national average.[112] Ohio's per capita income stands at $34,874.[102][113] As of 2016, Ohio's median household income is $52,334,[114] and 14.6% of the population is below the poverty line[115]

The manufacturing and financial activities sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohio's GDP, making them Ohio's largest industries by percentage of GDP.[102] Ohio has the third largest manufacturing workforce behind California and Texas.[116][117] Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances.[118] 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary.[102]

By employment, Ohio's largest sector is trade/transportation/utilities, which employs 1,010,000 Ohioans, or 19.4% of Ohio's workforce, while the health care and education sector employs 825,000 Ohioans (15.8%).[102] Government employs 787,000 Ohioans (15.1%), manufacturing employs 669,000 Ohioans (12.9%), and professional and technical services employs 638,000 Ohioans (12.2%).[102] Ohio's manufacturing sector is the third-largest of all fifty United States states in terms of gross domestic product.[102] Fifty-nine of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2008) are headquartered in Ohio, including Procter & Gamble, Goodyear Tire & Rubber, AK Steel, Timken, Abercrombie & Fitch, and Wendy's.[119]

Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,[120] the Ohio Lottery.[121] The Ohio Lottery has contributed over $15.5 billion to public education in its 34-year history.[122]

Ohio's system of public education is outlined in Article VI of the state constitution, and in Title XXXIII of the Ohio Revised Code. Ohio University, the first university in the Northwest Territory, was also the first public institution in Ohio. Substantively, Ohio's system is similar to those found in other states. At the State level, the Ohio Department of Education, which is overseen by the Ohio State Board of Education, governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. The Ohio Board of Regents coordinates and assists with Ohio's institutions of higher education which have recently been reorganized into the University System of Ohio under Governor Strickland. The system averages an annual enrollment of over 400,000 students, making it one of the five largest state university systems in the U.S.

Notable schools consistently ranking in the top 50 nationally of the U.S. News & World Report overall or liberal arts rankings are Case Western Reserve University, Oberlin College, and Kenyon College. Ranking in the top 100 nationally of the U.S. News & World Report are Ohio State University and Miami University.[149]

• 13 state universities
  • Bowling Green State University (Bowling Green)
  • Central State University (Wilberforce)
  • Cleveland State University (Cleveland)
  • Kent State University (Kent)
  • Miami University (Oxford)
  • The Ohio State University (Columbus)
  • Ohio University (Athens)
  • Shawnee State University (Portsmouth)
  • University of Akron (Akron)
  • University of Cincinnati (Cincinnati)
  • University of Toledo (Toledo)
  • Wright State University (Dayton/Fairborn)
  • Youngstown State University (Youngstown)
• 24 state university branch and regional campuses
• 46 private colleges and universities
• 6 free-standing state-assisted medical schools
  • Boonshoft School of Medicine (formerly known as The Wright State University School of Medicine)
  • Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University
  • Northeast Ohio Medical University
  • The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health
  • University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
  • University of Toledo College of Medicine (formerly Medical University of Ohio)
• 15 community colleges
• 8 technical colleges
• 24 independent non-profit colleges

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Computer Information Systems (CIS)
School: DeVry University Program: Today's computer information systems (CIS) professionals provide invaluable and highly specialized computer systems expertise, helping companies stay competitive in the global marketplace. These experts harness technology and enable organizations to use information to the fullest. In short, CIS experts are vital to the bottom-line success of every enterprise. The CIS program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and science, business and accounting, systems concepts, programming, and systems development. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Columbus, OH ::  more info

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CA/IS	Information Technology (IT)
School: DeVry University Program: The Information Technology (IT) program is designed for the baccalaureate-level college graduate seeking to pursue a career in IT. The program is structured around a core of technology-oriented specialty courses with emphasis on applying computer technology to solve business problems. Students draw on their college and business backgrounds as they work in teams to develop solutions to case studies. Project management, communication skills and ongoing IT administration, all of which are critically important in today's rapidly changing business environment, are integrated across the program. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Columbus, OH ::  more info

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Today's computer information systems (CIS) professionals provide invaluable and highly specialized computer systems expertise, helping companies stay competitive in the global marketplace. These experts harness technology and enable organizations to use information to the fullest. In short, CIS experts are vital to the bottom-line success of every enterprise.

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