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:: Criminal Justice Degrees- Associates

The administration of justice is the process by which the legal system of a government is executed. The presumed goal of such administration is to provide justice for all those accessing the legal system. The phrase is also used commonly to describe a University degree (as in: a BA in Administration of Justice), which can be a prerequisite for a job in law enforcement or government.

Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have committed crimes. The criminal justice system is a series of government agencies and institutions whose goals are to identify and catch unlawful individuals to inflict a form of punishment on them. Other goals include the rehabilitation of offenders, preventing other crimes, and moral support for victims. The primary institutions of the criminal justice system are the police, prosecution and defense lawyers, the courts and prisons.

The courts serve as the venue where disputes are then settled and justice is administered. With regard to criminal justice, there are a number of critical people in any court setting. These critical people are referred to as the courtroom work group and include both professional and non professional individuals. These include the judge, prosecutor, and the defense attorney. The judge, or magistrate, is a person, elected or appointed, who is knowledgeable in the law, and whose function is to objectively administer the legal proceedings and offer a final decision to dispose of a case.

In the U.S. and in a growing number of nations, guilt or innocence (although in the U.S. a jury can never find a defendant "innocent" but rather "not guilty") is decided through the adversarial system. In this system, two parties will both offer their version of events and argue their case before the court (sometimes before a judge or panel of judges, sometimes before a jury). The case should be decided in favor of the party who offers the most sound and compelling arguments based on the law as applied to the facts of the case.

The prosecutor, or district attorney, is a lawyer who brings charges against a person, persons or corporate entity. It is the prosecutor's duty to explain to the court what crime was committed and to detail what evidence has been found which incriminates the accused. The prosecutor should not be confused with a plaintiff or plaintiff's counsel. Although both serve the function of bringing a complaint before the court, the prosecutor is a servant of the state who makes accusations on behalf of the state in criminal proceedings, while the plaintiff is the complaining party in civil proceedings.

A defense attorney counsels the accused on the legal process, likely outcomes for the accused and suggests strategies. The accused, not the lawyer, has the right to make final decisions regarding a number of fundamental points, including whether to testify, and to accept a plea offer or demand a jury trial in appropriate cases. It is the defense attorney's duty to represent the interests of the client, raise procedural and evidentiary issues, and hold the prosecution to its burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Defense counsel may challenge evidence presented by the prosecution or present exculpatory evidence and argue on behalf of their client. At trial, the defense attorney may attempt to offer a rebuttal to the prosecutor's accusations.

In the U.S., an accused person is entitled to a government-paid defense attorney if he or she is in jeopardy of losing his or her life and/or liberty. Those who cannot afford a private attorney may be provided one by the state. Historically, however, the right to a defense attorney has not always been universal. For example, in Tudor England criminals accused of treason were not permitted to offer arguments in their defense. In many jurisdictions, there is no right to an appointed attorney, if the accused is not in jeopardy of losing his or her liberty.

The final determination of guilt or innocence is typically made by a third party, who is supposed to be disinterested. This function may be performed by a judge, a panel of judges, or a jury panel composed of unbiased citizens. This process varies depending on the laws of the specific jurisdiction. In some places the panel (be it judges or a jury) is required to issue a unanimous decision, while in others only a majority vote is required. In America, this process depends on the state, level of court, and even agreements between the prosecuting and defending parties. Some nations do not use juries at all, or rely on theological or military authorities to issue verdicts.

Some cases can be disposed of without the need for a trial. In fact, the vast majority are. If the accused confesses his or her guilt, a shorter process may be employed and a judgment may be rendered more quickly. Some nations, such as America, allow plea bargaining in which the accused pleads guilty, nolo contendere or not guilty, and may accept a diversion program or reduced punishment, where the prosecution's case is weak or in exchange for the cooperation of the accused against other people. This reduced sentence is sometimes a reward for sparing the state the expense of a formal trial. Many nations do not permit the use of plea bargaining, believing that it coerces innocent people to plead guilty in an attempt to avoid a harsh punishment.

The entire trial process, whatever the country, is fraught with problems and subject to criticism. Bias and discrimination form an ever-present threat to an objective decision. Any prejudice on the part of the lawyers, the judge, or jury members threatens to destroy the court's credibility. Some people argue that the often Byzantine rules governing courtroom conduct and processes restrict a layman's ability to participate, essentially reducing the legal process to a battle between the lawyers. In this case, the criticism is that the decision is based less on sound justice and more on the lawyer's eloquence and charisma. This is a particular problem when the lawyer performs in a substandard manner. The jury process is another area of frequent criticism, as there are few mechanisms to guard against poor judgment or incompetence on the part of the layman jurors. Judges themselves are very subject to bias subject to things as ordinary as the length of time since their last break.

An associate degree is an undergraduate degree awarded, primarily in the United States, after a course of post-secondary study lasting two or three years. It is a level of qualification between a high school diploma or GED and a bachelor's degree.

The first associate degrees were awarded in the UK (where they are[when?] no longer awarded) in 1873 before spreading to the US in 1898. In the United States, the associate degree may allow transfer into the third year of a bachelor's degree.[1] Associate degrees have since been introduced in a small number of other countries.

In the United States, associate degrees are usually earned in two years or more and can be attained at community colleges, technical colleges, vocational schools, and some colleges, as well as at some universities. A student who completes a two-year program can earn an Associate of Arts/Associate in Arts (AA)[25] or an Associate of Science/Associate in Science (AS) degree.[25] AA degrees are usually earned in the Liberal Arts and Sciences such as humanities and social science fields; AS degrees are awarded to those studying in applied scientific and technical fields and professional fields of study. Generally, one year of study is focused on college level general education and the second year is focused on the area of discipline.

Students who complete a two-year technical or vocational program can often earn an Associate of Applied Science/Associate in Applied Science (AAS), although sometimes the degree name will include the subject (a "tagged" degree).[26]

Transfer admissions in the United States sometimes allows courses taken and credits earned on an AA, AS, or AAS course to be counted toward a bachelor's degree via articulation agreements or recognition of prior learning, depending on the courses taken, applicable state laws/regulations, and the transfer requirements of the university.[27]

Common associate degree titles include:[26]

• Associate of Applied Business (AAB)
• Associate of Applied Science (AAS)
• Associate of Applied Technology (AAT)
• Associate of Arts (AA)
• Associate of Arts in Teaching (AAT)
• Associate of Business Administration (ABA)
• Associate of Electrical Engineering Technology (AEET)
• Associate of Electronics (AE)
• Associate of Engineering (AE/AEng)
• Associate of Engineering Technology (AET/AEngT)
• Associate of Forestry (AF)
• Associate of General Studies (AGS)
• Associate of Industrial Technology (AIT)
• Associate of Nursing (AN)/Associate Degree Nurse/Nursing (ADN)
• Associate of Occupational Studies (AOS)
• Associate of Science (AS)
• Associate of Science in Computer Assisted Design (AS-CAD)
• Associate of Technology (AT)

• "Glossary". EducationUSA.state.gov.

• "Introduction of Associate Degree in 2004". Australian Qualifications Framework Advisory Board. Archived from the original on August 5, 2004. Retrieved 19 January 2016.

• "Main features of the Associate Degree". Australian Qualifications Framework Advisory Board. Archived from the original on August 5, 2004. Retrieved 19 January 2017.

• "Associate Degrees". British Columbia Commission on Admissions and Transfer. Retrieved 19 January 2017.

• "Associate Degrees". Douglas College. Retrieved 19 January 2017.

• "Diploma Programs at Ontario Colleges". ontariocolleges.ca. Retrieved 2013-07-25.

• "Postsecondary Education in Quebec". Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials. Retrieved 20 January 2017.

• "The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA)" (PDF). Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2017.

• "Recognition Ireland Statement on US associate degree". Qualificationsrecognition.ie. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved 2014-02-12.

• "EQUIVALENCE DE DIPLOME (Degree equivalence)". voilanewyork.com. Retrieved 2014-03-29.

• [1] Archived March 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

• "The Dutch Education System described" (PDF). EP-Nuffic. January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2017.

• William Crookes (1877). The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science. XXXVI. p. 128.

• The Durham College of Science Calendar 1884, pp. 13, 24.

• Levine 1978, p. 158: "The world's first associate's degree, the associate in science, was awarded by England's University of Durham in 1873. The University of Chicago awarded the first American associate's degree in 1898. It offered associate in arts, associate in literature, and associate in science degrees."

• Groves 2011, pp. 160–161, 369.

• Palinchak 1973, pp. 64–65.

• Acland 1858.

• "Summary guide to HNC and HND qualifications" (PDF). Retrieved 22 January 2016.

• "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.

• "Get An Associate Degree in Hong Kong". South China Morning Post. 1 August 2014.

• "Q & A on Sub-degree Programmes". Information Portal for Accredited Post-secondary Programmes. Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Retrieved 19 January 2017.

• "Associate degree not career booster: Survey". China Daily Asia. 11 July 2016.

• Victor Fung Keung (6 September 2016). "Don't see Hong Kong's associate degrees as substandard".

• "Degree Programs". College of DuPage. Retrieved 1 August 2016.

• "USNEI". Education USA. US Department of Education.

• "Student Zone – College – Finding/Applying". College Zone. Archived from the original on July 18, 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-25.

Industry Description Full Program Listing

Code	Concentration	More Info
AA/PR	Criminal Justice - Associate Degree From   McIntosh College
School: McIntosh College Program: The Associate Degree or certificate in Criminal Justice will prepare the student to work in a wide range of public and private service environments including law enforcement, probation, insurance, investigation, and corrections. This unique program combines the technical, administrative, and interpersonal skills required of the criminal justice professional. :: Concentration: Criminal Justice Administration :: Campus    ::  Location: Dover, NH ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
	Associate Degree in Criminal Justice
School: Florida Metropolitan University Program: A career in criminal justice offers many benefits and possibilities; among them are working in a professional environment, job security, the potential for career advancement, and the personal satisfaction of doing interesting, highly valuable work that serves the public. The Associate of Applied Science in Criminal Justice program focuses on crime, law enforcement, correction, and the criminal justice system. Applying an interdisciplinary approach, the program helps students understand the mechanisms of social control and the resolution of criminal justice problems, including currently accepted procedures, which are updated on a continuing basis. Program graduates may secure employment in the criminal justice system in a variety of positions including counselor, juvenile parole or correctional officer, private investigator, social worker, or caseworker. :: Concentration: Criminal Justice :: Online        ::  Location: Brandon, FL ::  more info  ::  Location: Jacksonville, FL ::  more info  ::  Location: Lakeland, FL ::  more info  ::  Location: Melbourne, FL ::  more info  ::  Location: North Orlando, FL ::  more info  ::  Location: Orange Park, FL ::  more info  ::  Location: Pinellas, FL ::  more info  ::  Location: Pompano Beach, FL ::  more info  ::  Location: South Orlando, FL ::  more info  ::  Location: Tampa, FL ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
BSGB	Associate - Criminal Justice
School: Keiser University Program: A career in Criminal Justice has never been more exciting or diverse. Corrections officers are responsible for the care of inmates, Public Safety officers ensure the public's well-being, and Law Enforcement officials protect and serve communities. Whichever direction you choose, this program will provide you with the skills and knowledge you need. Get started now. :: Concentration: Legal :: Online        ::  Location: Online ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
BSGB	Associate - Criminal Justice
School: Southwest Florida College Program: The Criminal Justice program provides students with a broad spectrum of coursework in corrections, law enforcement, terrorism, private security and investigation. The program is designed to prepare students for a variety of careers in the criminal justice field in both the public and private sector. :: Concentration: Legal :: Online        ::  Location: Tampa, FL ::  more info  ::  Location: Ft. Myers, FL ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
BSGB	Associate Degree in Criminal Justice
School: Florida Metropolitan University Online Program: This online Criminal Justice program provides a broad understanding of the criminal justice system and will prepare you for entry-level career opportunities in probation, corrections, immigration, and case/social work. The curriculum covers a comprehensive study of the United States court systems, correctional organizations, and law enforcement agencies. :: Concentration: Criminal Justice :: Online        ::  Location: Online ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
BSGB	A.A.S. in Criminal Justice
School: Kaplan University Program: If you want to work in the criminal justice field, the Associate of Applied Science in Criminal Justice will give you the advantage you need to maximize your chances of finding the job you want. Our program provides students with a solid foundation and breadth of understanding in the areas of law enforcement, courts, corrections, and security. This understanding, together with a liberal arts knowledge base and the technical skills required in various specialized employment areas, will serve you well as you build a successful career in the field. :: Concentration: Criminal Justice :: Online        ::  Location: Online ::  more info

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Industry Description

Criminal justice courses are an asset to people in law enforcement, penile, social services and legal fields. With a variety of study options available, there is a way for anyone with the desire to acquire the criminal justice courses of their choice. Are you a high school graduate, just heading into the work force, a working professional with a desire to supplement existing credentials, a parent ready to head back to work or someone wanting a change of career? No matter what your situation or schedule, you will find options perfect for you. Online study, distance learning, modular courses and traditional campus based study are all effective methods to make your educational dreams a reality.

Whichever way you decide is best, high quality instructors will guide you through course materials and give you personal assistance to give you a grounded understanding of the aspect of criminal justice that will benefit you. Course selections include: history of the correctional system, psychology of the offender, behavior modification techniques, juvenile delinquency, criminology, police systems, criminal law and ethics in criminal justice to name just a few.

Your motivation is strong. Obstacles are few. Take the step of education to make your goals a reality. Enroll in the criminal justice courses of your choice today.

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