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A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in business administration or management. According to Kaplan business schools are "educational institutions that specialize in teaching courses and programs related to business and/or management". Such a school can also be known as school of management, school of business administration, or colloquially b-school or biz school. A business school teaches topics such as accounting, administration, strategy, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, human resource management, management science, management information systems, international business, logistics, marketing, organizational psychology, organizational behavior, public relations, research methods and real estate among others.

There are several forms of business schools, including a school of business, business administration, and management.

1. Most of the university business schools consist of faculties, colleges, or departments within the university, and predominantly teach business courses (e.g. Mannheim Business School).
2. In North America, a business school is often understood to be a university program that offers a graduate Master of Business Administration degrees and/or undergraduate bachelor's degrees (e.g. Harvard Business School).
3. In Europe and Asia, some universities teach predominantly business courses (e.g. Copenhagen Business School).
4. Privately owned business school which is not affiliated with any university (e.g. WHU-Otto Beisheim School of Management).

Kaplan classifies business schools along four Corners:

1. Culture (Europe - US): Independent of their actual (physical) location, business schools can be classified according to whether they follow the European or the US model.
2. Compass (international/global – regional/local): Business schools can be classified along a continuum, with international/ global schools on one end and regional/ local schools on the other.
3. Capital (public – private): Business schools can either be publicly (state) funded or privately funded, for example through endowments or tuition fees.
4. Content (teaching – research): Business school can be classified according to whether a school considers teaching or research to be its primary focus.

Some business schools structure their teaching around the use of case studies (i.e. the case method). Case studies have been used in Graduate and Undergraduate business education for nearly one hundred years. Business cases are historical descriptions of actual business situations. Typically, information is presented about a business firm's products, markets, competition, financial structure, sales volumes, management, employees and other factors influencing the firm's success. The length of a business case study may range from two or three pages to 30 pages, or more.

Students are expected to scrutinize the case study and prepare to discuss strategies and tactics that the firm should employ in the future. Three different methods have been used in business case teaching:

1. Preparing case-specific questions to be answered by the student. This is used with short cases intended for Undergraduate students. The underlying concept is that such students need specific guidance to be able to analyze case studies.
2. Problem-solving analysis is the second method initiated by the Harvard Business School which is by far the most widely used method in MBA and executive development programs. The underlying concept is that with enough practice (hundreds of case analyses) students develop intuitive skills for analyzing and resolving complex business situations. Successful implementation of this method depends heavily on the skills of the discussion leader.
3. A generally applicable strategic planning approach. This third method does not require students to analyze hundreds of cases. A strategic planning model is provided and students are instructed to apply the steps of the model to six – and up to a dozen cases – during a semester. This is sufficient to develop their ability to analyze a complex situation, generate a variety of possible strategies and to select the best ones. In effect, students learn a generally applicable approach to analyze cases studies and real situations. This approach does not make any extraordinary demands on the artistic and dramatic talents of the teacher. Consequently, most professors are capable of supervising the application of this method.

In contrast to the case method some schools use a skills-based approach in teaching business. This approach emphasizes quantitative methods, in particular operations research, management information systems, statistics, organizational behavior, modeling and simulation, and decision science. The leading institution in this method is the Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University. The goal is to provide students a set of tools that will prepare them to tackle and solve problems.

In addition to teaching students, many business schools run Executive Education programs. These may be either open programs or company-specific programs. Executives may also acquire an MBA title in an Executive MBA program within university of business or from top ranked business schools. Many business schools seek close co-operation with business.

British Columbia (BC; French: Colombie-Britannique) is the westernmost province of Canada, located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. With an estimated population of 5.016 million as of 2018, it is Canada's third-most populous province.

British Columbia Colombie-Britannique  (French)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto(s):  Latin: Splendor sine occasu (English: Splendour without diminishment)
BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU
Country	Canada
Confederation	July 20, 1871 (7th)
Capital	Victoria
Largest city	Vancouver
Largest metro	Metro Vancouver
Government
• Type	Constitutional monarchy
• Lieutenant Governor	Janet Austin
• Premier	John Horgan (NDP)
Legislature	Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
Federal representation	(in Canadian Parliament)
House seats	42 of 338 (12.4%)
Senate seats	6 of 105 (5.7%)
Area
• Total	944,735 km2 (364,764 sq mi)
• Land	925,186 km2 (357,216 sq mi)
• Water	19,548.9 km2 (7,547.9 sq mi)  2.1%
Area rank	Ranked 5th
	9.5% of Canada
Population (2016)
• Total	4,648,055 [1]
• Estimate  (2019 Q1)	5,020,302 [2]
• Rank	Ranked 3rd
• Density	5.02/km2 (13.0/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	British Columbian[3]
Official languages	None
GDP
• Rank	4th
• Total (2015)	C$249.981 billion[4]
• Per capita	C$53,267 (8th)
Time zone	Pacific (most of province) UTC −8/−7 Mountain (far eastern) UTC −7/−6
Postal abbr.	BC
Postal code prefix	V
ISO 3166 code	CA-BC
Flower	Pacific dogwood
Tree	Western red cedar
Bird	Steller's jay
Website	www2.gov.bc.ca
Rankings include all provinces and territories

The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, which gave rise to the City of Victoria, at first the capital of the separate Colony of Vancouver Island. Subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866) was founded by Richard Clement Moody[5] and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Moody was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia: he was hand-picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire's "bulwark in the farthest west",[6] and "to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific".[7] Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia, New Westminster, established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park,[8] and designed the first version of the Coat of arms of British Columbia.[9] Port Moody is named after him.[10]

In 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colony's capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment").

The capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for Queen Victoria, who ruled during the creation of the original colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest. In October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371 (about 2.5 million of whom were in Greater Vancouver).[11] The province is currently governed by the British Columbia New Democratic Party, led by John Horgan, in a minority government with the confidence and supply of the Green Party of British Columbia. Horgan became premier as a result of a no-confidence motion on June 29, 2017.

British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871. First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties, and the question of Aboriginal Title, long ignored, has become a legal and political question of frequent debate as a result of recent court actions. Notably, the Tsilhqot'in Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the 2014 Supreme Court of Canada decision in Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia.

Public universities and colleges include:

• University of British Columbia
• Simon Fraser University
• University of Victoria
• University of Northern British Columbia
• Vancouver Island University
• British Columbia Institute of Technology
• Kwantlen Polytechnic University
• Thompson Rivers University
• Emily Carr University of Art and Design
• Royal Roads University
• Capilano University
• University of the Fraser Valley
• Douglas College
• Camosun College
• Langara College
• Selkirk College
• College of New Caledonia
• College of the Rockies

In September 2014 there were 11,000 international students in BC public K-12 schools and about 3,000 international students in other BC K-12 schools.[106] As of 2006 there were 59 school districts. As of the same year, 44 of them offered French immersion programs. Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique, established in 1995, operates French-language public schools throughout the entire province.[107]

• "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 and 2011censuses". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2012.

• "Population by year of Canada of Canada and territories". Statistics Canada. June 14, 2018. Retrieved September 29, 2018.

• According to the Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage (ISBN 0-19-541619-8; p. 335), BCer(s) is an informal demonym that is sometimes used for residents of BC

• Statistics Canada. Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory (2015); November 9, 2016 [Retrieved January 26, 2017].

• Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 90, Issue 1887, 1887, pp. 453-455, Obituary. Major-General Richard Clement Moody, R.E., 1813–1887.

• Donald J. Hauka, McGowan's War, Vancouver: 2003, New Star Books, p.146.

• Jean Barman, The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia, (Toronto: University of Toronto), p.71

• "Col. Richard Clement Moody -- Postscript". Retrieved July 4, 2016.

• Margaret Ormsby, Richard Clement Moody, in Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

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• "Population Estimates, British Columbia and Sub-Provincial". BC Stats. December 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2014.

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• Akrigg, Helen B. and G.P.V. (1977). British Columbia Chronicle, 1847–1871: Gold & Colonists (illustrated ed.). Discovery Press.

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• "Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1981–2010". Environment Canada. Retrieved December 19, 2014.

• Attenborough, D.1998. The Life of Birds. BBC publication. ISBN 0563-38792-0

• BC Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management, Conservation Data Centre

• Coates, K.D.; Haeussler, S.; Lindeburgh, S.; Pojar, R.; Stock, A.J. (1994). Ecology and silviculture of interior spruce in British Columbia. Canada/British Columbia Partnership Agreement For. Resour. Devel. (Report). FRDA.

• Turner, Nancy (September 2007). "Importance of biodiversity for First Peoples of British Columbia" (PDF). Biodiversity BC. Retrieved September 21, 2014.

• Robert James Muckle (2007). The First Nations of British Columbia: An Anthropological Survey. UBC Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-7748-4010-1.

• Dawn Elaine Bastian; Judy K. Mitchell (2004). Handbook of Native American Mythology. ABC-CLIO. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-85109-533-9.

• Bengtson, J.D (2008). "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene-Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages – In Aspects of Comparative Linguistics" (PDF). Moscow- RSUH. pp. 45–118. Retrieved April 11, 2010.

• "First Nations – People of the Northwest Coast". BC Archives. 1999. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2010.

• Boyd, Robert T. "Demographic History, 1774–1874" in Handbook of North American Indians: 7 the Northwest Coast. Smithsonian Institution. 1990.

• Gilmartin, Mary. "Colonialism/ Imperialism" in Key Concepts in Political Geography. Sage Publications. 2009.120

• Gilmartin, Mary. "Colonialism/ Imperialism" in Key Concepts in Political Geography. Sage Publications. 2009. 120–121

• Gilmartin, Mary. "Colonialism/ Imperialism" in Key Concepts in Political Geography. Sage Publications. 2009. 121

• Lange, Greg (January 23, 2003). "Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s". Historylink.org. Retrieved February 22, 2011.

• "Plagues and Peoples on the Northwest Coast". .h-net.msu.edu. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2011.

• Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 13.

• Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 19.

• Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 26.

• Moody, Richard Clement. Letter of Colonel Richard Clement Moody, R.E., to Arthur Blackwood, February 1, 1859, preserved in the British Columbia Historical Quarterly (January – April 1951), ed. Willard E. Ireland, Archives of British Columbia. British Columbia Historical Association. pp. 85–107.

• Jean Barman, The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia, (Toronto: University of Toronto) p.7

• Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 27.

• British Columbia History magazine vol.48 no.2 Summer 2015, Book Review – From the West Coast to the Western Front: British Columbians and the Great War by Greg Dickson and Mark Forsythe

• Schroeder, Andreas (1992). Carved From Wood; Mission, BC, 1861–1992 . The Mission Foundation. ISBN 978-1-55056-131-9.

• Michelmann, Hans; Smith, David; De Clercy, Cristine (2006). Continuity And Change in Canadian Politics: Essays in Honour of David E. Smith. University of Toronto Press. p. 184.

• "Boom in the Big Triangle". Popular Mechanics: 102–107/246. June 1952.

• Elections BC (1998). "Electoral History of British Columbia 1871–1986" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2007.

• Palmer, Bryan (1987). Solidarity: The Rise and Fall of an Opposition in British Columbia. Vancouver: New Star Books.

• Wallechinsky, D.; Loucky J. (2010). The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. p. 12.

• Staff (November 3, 2010). "BC Premier Campbell stepping down". CBC News. Retrieved May 22, 2014.

• "Christy Clark leads BC Liberals to surprise majority". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. May 15, 2013.

• Tara Carman (August 5, 2016). "Canadians flock to B.C. in search of jobs". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved April 21, 2017.

• "Statistics Canada – Population". Archived from the original on May 19, 2006.

• "Canada's population". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on November 4, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2006.

• "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations". Statistics Canada. 2002. Retrieved April 26, 2007.

• Indian reserve populations are not included in these figures

• "Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 27, 2018.

• "Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved June 29, 2018.

• Robinson, J. Lewis (November 18, 2010). "British Columbia". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved January 22, 2018.

• Robinson, J. Lewis (November 18, 2010). "British Columbia". The Canadian Encyclopedia.

• [1], Community Profiles from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Province/Territory

• [2], Aboriginal Population Profile from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Province/Territory

• "Census Profile, 2016 Census British Columbia [Province]". Retrieved 25 November 2018.

• "Census Profile, 2016 Census British Columbia [Province]". Statistics Canada. November 29, 2017. Retrieved November 25, 2018.

• "Population by visible minority group, place of residence and projection scenario, Canada, 2011 and 2036". Statistics Canada. Retrieved November 25, 2018.

• "Projections of the Aboriginal Population and Households in Canada, 2011 to 2036" (PDF). Statistics Canada. September 17, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2018.

• "NHS Profile, British Columbia, 2011". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 27 March 2019.

• "NHS Profile, British Columbia, 2011". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 27 March 2019.

• "Major religious denominations". Statistics Canada. Retrieved September 21, 2014.

• "Profile of British Columbia". Statistics Canada. Retrieved September 21, 2014.

• "Census Profile, 2016 Census British Columbia [Province]". Retrieved 29 March 2019.

• "2014 British Columbia Financial and Economic Review, 74th Edition April 2013 – March 2014" (PDF). BC Ministry of Finance. July 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2016.

• "Canadian climate normals 1981–2010 Vancouver International Airport". Environment Canada. Retrieved October 3, 2015.

• "Economic output in the West" (PDF). State of the West 2010. Canada West Foundation. pp. 103–109. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2014.

• "Film and TV". Vancouver Economic Development. 2005. Archived from the original on January 1, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2007.

• "Hard on Health of Mining Communities". University of British Columbia. September 2006. Archived from the original on April 15, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2007.

• "Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. November 10, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2014.

• "Canadian Federal and Provincial Fiscal Tables" (PDF). Economic Reports. Royal Bank of Canada. Retrieved August 17, 2017.

• "Search for a Surname". gbnames. Retrieved September 21, 2014. n/const/c1867_e.html#provincial Executive Power in the Provinces] under the Constitutional Act, 1867.

• Galloway, Gloria (December 3, 2015). "Liberals to set up advisory board for Senate nominees, but BC won't take part". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved December 4, 2015.

• Baldrey, Keith (December 3, 2015). "Why Christy Clark is rejecting Justin Trudeau's reform of the Senate". Global News. Shaw Media Inc. Retrieved December 4, 2015.

• "Provincial Symbols and Honours Act". Her Majesty the Queen in Right of British Columbia. 1996. Retrieved August 8, 2014.

• "Official Symbols of British Columbia". Government of British Columbia. Archived from the original on February 16, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2014.

• "Same-Sex rights: Canada timeline". CBC News. March 1, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2010.

• Ashifa Kassam in Toronto. "Vancouver slaps 15% tax on foreign house buyers in effort to cool market". The Guardian. Retrieved April 21, 2017.

• "2016 in Review: Vancouver and B.C.'s fentanyl crisis | Metro Vancouver". Metronews.ca. December 26, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2017.

• BC ministry of transportation and infrastructure (2013). "BC highways". Retrieved October 24, 2013.

• "History: GERTIE: Gabriola's Environmentally Responsible Trans Island Express". GERTIE. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

• "About the Bus". Pender Island Community Bus. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

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Colleges and universities around the world offer bachelor's degrees, graduate degrees, diplomas and certificates in management, generally within their colleges of business, business schools or faculty of management but also in other related departments. In the 2010s, there has been an increase in online management education and training in the form of electronic educational technology ( also called e-learning). Online education has increased the accessibility of management training to people who do not live near a college or university, or who cannot afford to travel to a city where such training is available.

While some professions require academic credentials in order to work in the profession (e.g., law, medicine, engineering, which require, respectively the Bachelor of Law, Doctor of Medicine and Bachelor of Engineering degrees), management and administration positions do not necessarily require the completion of academic degrees. Some well-known senior executives in the US who did not complete a degree include Steve Jobs, Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg. However, many managers and executives have completed some type of business or management training, such as a Bachelor of Commerce or a Master of Business Administration degree. Some major organizations, including companies, not-for-profit organizations and governments, require applicants to managerial or executive positions to hold at minimum Bachelor's degree in a field related to administration or management, or in the case of business jobs, a Bachelor of Commerce or a similar degree.

Undergraduate

At the undergraduate level, the most common business program is the Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.). However to manage technological areas, you need an undergraduate degree in a STEM area as preferred to Defense Acquisition University guidelines. This is typically a four-year program that includes courses that give students an overview of the role of managers in planning and directing within an organization. Course topics include accounting, financial management, statistics, marketing, strategy, and other related areas. There are many other undergraduate degrees that include the study of management, such as Bachelor of Arts degrees with a major in business administration or management and Bachelor of Public Administration (B.P.A), a degree designed for individuals aiming to work as bureaucrats in the government jobs. Many colleges and universities also offer certificates and diplomas in business administration or management, which typically require one to two years of full-time study.

Graduate

At the graduate level students aiming at careers as managers or executives may choose to specialize in major subareas of management or business administration such as entrepreneurship, human resources, international business, organizational behavior, organizational theory, strategic management, accounting, corporate finance, entertainment, global management, healthcare management, investment management, sustainability and real estate. A Master of Business Administration (MBA) is the most popular professional degree at the master's level and can be obtained from many universities in the United States. MBA programs provide further education in management and leadership for graduate students. Other master's degrees in business and management include Master of Management (MM) and the Master of Science (M.Sc.) in business administration or management, which is typically taken by students aiming to become researchers or professors. There are also specialized master's degrees in administration for individuals aiming at careers outside of business, such as the Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree (also offered as a Master of Arts in Public Administration in some universities), for students aiming to become managers or executives in the public service and the Master of Health Administration, for students aiming to become managers or executives in the health care and hospital sector.

Management doctorates are the most advanced terminal degrees in the field of business and management. Most individuals obtaining management doctorates take the programs to obtain the training in research methods, statistical analysis and writing academic papers that they will need to seek careers as researchers, senior consultants and/or professors in business administration or management. There are three main types of management doctorates: the Doctor of Management (D.M.), the Doctor of Business Administration (D.B.A.), and the Ph.D. in Business Administration or Management. In the 2010s, doctorates in business administration and management are available with many specializations.

        Industry Description

Code	Concentration	More Info
BA/MA	Bachelor of Science in Business/Management
School: University of Phoenix Program: The Bachelor of Science in Business/Management is designed for the working adult who wants to acquire or build knowledge and skills essential for management in private and public organizations. The Management Major emphasizes performance systems, employment law, marketing and public relations, financial analysis, global business strategies, and quality management. :: Concentration: Management :: Campus    ::  Location: Vancouver, BC ::  more info

Code	Concentration	More Info
MA/OM	Master of Arts- Organizational Management
School: University of Phoenix Program: The Master of Arts in Organizational Management is designed to develop or enhance the management skills necessary to function effectively within private businesses, non-profit organizations, and public agencies. The curriculum addresses executive management, budgeting, human resources management, organizational development, conflict management, strategic planning, information management, and decision making, among other subjects. :: Concentration: Management :: Campus    ::  Location: Vancouver, BC ::  more info

Industry Description

business management

Vancouver Listing

The Business Administration - Management Specialization Program is an 18-month Associate degree that offers students a strong liberal arts curriculum combined with a comprehensive management curriculum. This blend prepares students to excel in today's demanding business environment.

Students will study various areas of management including sales, human resources, marketing, and international business. These will be accompanied by a broad base of fundamental business courses. The general education requirements will foster critical thinking, communication skills, and a sound value system. The classroom experience will be enhanced by an internship in the final quarter.

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