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In the United States, a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education. These certificates usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge about a certain vocational or professional subject. Certificate programs can be completed more quickly than associate degrees and often do not have general education requirements. Undergraduate certificates represent completion of a specific program offered in coordination with a bachelors degree. Graduate certificates represent completion of studies beyond the bachelor's degree, yet short of a masters degree.

In the State of Maryland, a Certificate of Merit was, until recently, issued to graduating high-school seniors who met certain academic requirements (such as completion of advanced courses and a cumulative GPA of 3.00); the statewide certificate has since been replaced by "endorsements" defined by each local school system.[3]

It also may be awarded as a necessary certification to validate that a student is considered competent in a certain specific networking skill area in information technology. Thus a computer engineer or computer science graduation most likely will have to obtain additional certificates on and pertaining to the specific technologies or equipment used by the hiring corporation; if not, such employer may suffer unwanted penalties like foregoing (voiding the contract) the protections of a certain level of customer service or warranties.

A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies. Most certifications are time-limited; some expire after a period of time (e.g., the lifetime of a product that required certification for use), while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met. Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up-to-date on advancements in the field, evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits (CECs), or continuing education units (CEUs), from approved professional development courses.

Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations, trade organizations, or private vendors interested in raising industry standards. Certificate programs are often created or endorsed by professional associations, but are typically completely independent from membership organizations. Certifications are very common in fields such as aviation, construction, technology, environment, and other industrial sectors, as well as healthcare, business, real estate, and finance.

According to The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997) by Phillip Barnhart, "certifications are portable, since they do not depend on one company's definition of a certain job" and they provide protential employers with "an impartial, third-party endorsement of an individual's professional knowledge and experience".[1]

Certification is different from professional licensure. In the United States, licenses are typically issued by state agencies, whereas certifications are usually awarded by professional societies or educational institutes. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. In other countries, licenses are typically granted by professional societies or universities and require a certificate after about three to five years and so on thereafter. The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than that of licensure, though sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same, despite differing in terms of legal status.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines the standard for being a certifying agency as meeting the following two requirements:

1. Delivering an assessment based on industry knowledge that is independent from training courses or course providers
2. Granting a time-limited credential to anyone who meets the assessment standards

The Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) is a U.S.-based organization that sets standards for the accreditation of personnel certification and certificate programs based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, a joint publication of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Many members of the Association of Test Publishers (ATP) are also certification organizations.

• Phillip Barnhart, The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997), HRD Press. ISBN 0-8493-9960-2 Retrieved electronically 7 July 2009.

• Master of Professional Studies in Real Estate. "Advanced Professional Certificate in Real Estate | Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies". Scs.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

• "Certificate Programs". lesley.edu.

Web engineering focuses on the methodologies, techniques, and tools that are the foundation of Web application development and which support their design, development, evolution, and evaluation. Web application development has certain characteristics that make it different from traditional software, information system, or computer application development.

Web engineering is multidisciplinary and encompasses contributions from diverse areas: systems analysis and design, software engineering, hypermedia/hypertext engineering, requirements engineering, human-computer interaction, user interface, information engineering, information indexing and retrieval, testing, modelling and simulation, project management, and graphic design and presentation. Web engineering is neither a clone nor a subset of software engineering, although both involve programming and software development. While Web Engineering uses software engineering principles, it encompasses new approaches, methodologies, tools, techniques, and guidelines to meet the unique requirements of Web-based applications.

Illinois (/ˌɪlɪˈnɔɪ/ (listen) IL-ih-NOY) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes region of the United States. It has the fifth largest gross domestic product (GDP), the sixth largest population, and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states. Illinois is often noted as a microcosm of the entire United States.[6] With Chicago in northeastern Illinois, small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state, and natural resources such as coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a diverse economic base, and is a major transportation hub. Chicagoland, Chicago's metropolitan area, encompasses over 65% of the state's population. The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes: from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River. The Mississippi River, the Ohio River, and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois. For decades, Chicago's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms[6] and, through the 1980s, in politics.

State of Illinois
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): Land of Lincoln, Prairie State
Motto(s): State Sovereignty, National Union
State song(s): "Illinois"
Official language	English[1]
Spoken languages	English (80.8%) Spanish (14.9%) Other (5.1%)
Demonym	Illinoisan
Capital	Springfield
Largest city	Chicago
Largest metro	Greater Chicago
Area	Ranked 25th
• Total	57,914 sq mi (149,997 km2)
• Width	210 miles (338 km)
• Length	390 miles (628 km)
• % water	3.99
• Latitude	36° 58′ N to 42° 30′ N
• Longitude	87° 30′ W to 91° 31′ W
Population	Ranked 6th
• Total	12,741,080 (2018)
• Density	232/sq mi  (89.4/km2) Ranked 12th
• Median household income	$62,992 (2017) [2] (17th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Charles Mound[3][4][5] 1,235 ft (376.4 m)
• Mean	600 ft  (180 m)
• Lowest point	Confluence of Mississippi River and Ohio River[4][5] 280 ft (85 m)
Before statehood	Illinois Territory
Admitted to the Union	December 3, 1818 (21st)
Governor	J. B. Pritzker (D)
Lieutenant Governor	Juliana Stratton (D)
Legislature	Illinois General Assembly
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	Dick Durbin (D) Tammy Duckworth (D)
U.S. House delegation	13 Democrats 5 Republicans (list)
Time zone	Central: UTC -6/-5
ISO 3166	US-IL
Abbreviations	IL, Ill.
Website	www2.illinois.gov

Illinois state symbols
The Flag of Illinois
The Seal of Illinois
Living insignia
Amphibian	Eastern tiger salamander
Bird	Northern cardinal
Butterfly	Monarch butterfly
Fish	Bluegill
Flower	Violet
Grass	Big bluestem
Mammal	White-tailed deer
Reptile	Painted turtle
Tree	White oak
Inanimate insignia
Dance	Square dance
Food	Gold Rush Apple, popcorn
Fossil	Tully monster
Mineral	Fluorite
Slogan	"Land of Lincoln"
Soil	Drummer silty clay loam
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2003
Lists of United States state symbols

The capital of Illinois is Springfield, which is located in the central part of the state. Although today's Illinois' largest population center is in its northeast, the state's European population grew first in the west as the French settled the vast Mississippi of the Illinois Country of New France. Following the American Revolutionary War, American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River, and the population grew from south to north. In 1818, Illinois achieved statehood. Following increased commercial activity in the Great Lakes after the construction of the Erie Canal, Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River at one of the few natural harbors on the southern section of Lake Michigan.[7] John Deere's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois's rich prairie into some of the world's most productive and valuable farmland, attracting immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden. The Illinois and Michigan Canal (1848) made transportation between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River valley faster and cheaper, and new railroads carried immigrants to new homes in the country's west and shipped commodity crops to the nation's east. The state became a transportation hub for the nation.[8]

By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars. The Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in the state, including Chicago, who founded the city's famous jazz and blues cultures.[9][10] Chicago, the center of the Chicago Metropolitan Area, is now recognized as a global alpha-level city.

Three U.S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Barack Obama. Additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was born and raised in the state. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state slogan Land of Lincoln, which has been displayed on its license plates since 1954.[11][12] The state is the site of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield and the future home of the Barack Obama Presidential Center in Chicago.

The economy of Illinois is the fifth largest by GDP in the United States and one of the most diversified economies in the world.[9] The Chicago metropolitan area is home to many

of the United States' largest companies, including Allstate, Boeing, Caterpillar, Kraft Heinz, McDonald's, Motorola, United Airlines, Walgreens, and more. The Chicago area headquarters a wide variety of financial institutions, and is home to the largest futures exchange in the world, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.

Economy of Illinois

Chicago Board of Trade building
Statistics
GDP	$822,540 million (2017) [1]
GDP per capita	$64,330 (2017) [2]
Population below poverty line	12.2%[3]
Gini coefficient	0.469[4]
Labour force	6,488,200 (May 2015) [5]
Unemployment	4.3% (Feb. 2019) [6]
Public finances
Revenues	$29,761.862 million[7]
Expenses	$19,831 million[8]

The 2018 total gross state product for Illinois was $857 billion, placing it fifth in the nation. The 2015 median household income was $59,588.[10] In 2016, the nine counties of the Chicago metropolitan area accounted for 77.3% of the state's total wages, with the remaining 93 counties at 22.7%.[11] The state's industrial outputs include machinery, food processing, electrical equipment, chemical products, publishing, fabricated metal products and transportation equipment. Corn and soybeans are important agricultural products. Service industries of note are financial trading, higher education, logistics, and medicine.

The Institute of Government and Public Affairs at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign publishes a "flash-index" that aims to measure expected economic growth in Illinois. The indicators used are corporate earnings, consumer spending and personal income. These indicators are measured through tax receipts, adjusted for inflation. 100 is the base, so a number above 100 represents growth in the Illinois economy, and a number below 100 represents a shrinking economy.[25] Data from the index, from 6/1981 to the present, can be found here.

Using the criterion established by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, there are eleven "National Universities" in the state. As of 19 August 2010, six of these rank in the "first tier" (that is, the top quartile) among the top 500 National Universities in the United States, as determined by the U.S. News & World Report rankings: the University of Chicago (4), Northwestern University (12), the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (41), Loyola University Chicago (89), the Illinois Institute of Technology (108), DePaul University (123), University of Illinois at Chicago (129), Illinois State University (149), Southern Illinois University Carbondale (153), and Northern Illinois University (194).[158]

The University of Chicago is continuously ranked as one of the world's top ten universities on various independent university rankings, and its Booth School of Business, along with Northwestern's Kellogg School of Management consistently rank within the top 5 graduate business schools in the country and top 10 globally. The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign is often ranked among the best engineering schools in the world and in United States.

Illinois also has more than 20 additional accredited four-year universities, both public and private, and dozens of small liberal arts colleges across the state. Additionally, Illinois supports 49 public community colleges in the Illinois Community College System.

• "(5 ILCS 460/20) (from Ch. 1, par. 2901‑20) State Designations Act". Illinois Compiled Statutes. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois General Assembly. September 4, 1991. Retrieved April 10, 2009. Sec. 20. Official language. The official language of the State of Illinois is English.

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• Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/BP	Advanced Web and Business Programming
School: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute Program: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute's (Not affiliated with the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies) Web Development & Business Programming curriculum prepares you to enter the job market with the knowledge and skills to design, write, implement, debug, enhance, and maintain business software applications on PC platforms. Additionally, you will develop an e-Commerce site. Our curriculum focuses on key areas such as: Object-Oriented Programming, Graphical User Interface (GUI) design, Relational Database processing using Structured Query Language (SQL), PC-based development tools, as well as an introduction to project management and effective communication skills. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Chicago, IL ::  more info

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CA/WD	The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute Web Design
School: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute Program: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute's (Not affiliated with the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies) Web Design program teaches you the skills you need to jump into this fast-growing field, enabling you to design Web pages, maintain Web content, and develop Web graphics. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Chicago, IL ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/WD	The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute Web Development and Business Programming
School: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute Program: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute's (Not affiliated with the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies) Web Development & Business Programming curriculum prepares you to enter the job market with the knowledge and skills to design, write, implement, debug, enhance, and maintain business software applications on PC platforms. Additionally, you will develop an e-Commerce site. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Chicago, IL ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/BP	Advanced Web and Business Programming
School: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute Program: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute's (Not affiliated with the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies) Web Development & Business Programming curriculum prepares you to enter the job market with the knowledge and skills to design, write, implement, debug, enhance, and maintain business software applications on PC platforms. Additionally, you will develop an e-Commerce site. Our curriculum focuses on key areas such as: Object-Oriented Programming, Graphical User Interface (GUI) design, Relational Database processing using Structured Query Language (SQL), PC-based development tools, as well as an introduction to project management and effective communication skills. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Villa Park, IL ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/WD	The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute Web Design
School: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute Program: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute's (Not affiliated with the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies) Web Design program teaches you the skills you need to jump into this fast-growing field, enabling you to design Web pages, maintain Web content, and develop Web graphics. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Villa Park, IL ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/WD	The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute Web Development and Business Programming
School: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute Program: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute's (Not affiliated with the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies) Web Development & Business Programming curriculum prepares you to enter the job market with the knowledge and skills to design, write, implement, debug, enhance, and maintain business software applications on PC platforms. Additionally, you will develop an e-Commerce site. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Villa Park, IL ::  more info

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School Description

web design and engineering

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E-Commerce is a nine-month certificate program that will give students specific technical, design, professional, and operational information about conducting business with the use of the Internet and other new technologies.

Students will be able to seek employment as web-based entrepreneurs, consultants, or as employees within existing business structures that are seeking or maintaining an Internet presence. Students will develop a professionalism based on an extremely new vocabulary and way of conducting business.

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