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In the United States, a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education. These certificates usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge about a certain vocational or professional subject. Certificate programs can be completed more quickly than associate degrees and often do not have general education requirements. Undergraduate certificates represent completion of a specific program offered in coordination with a bachelors degree. Graduate certificates represent completion of studies beyond the bachelor's degree, yet short of a masters degree.

In the State of Maryland, a Certificate of Merit was, until recently, issued to graduating high-school seniors who met certain academic requirements (such as completion of advanced courses and a cumulative GPA of 3.00); the statewide certificate has since been replaced by "endorsements" defined by each local school system.[3]

It also may be awarded as a necessary certification to validate that a student is considered competent in a certain specific networking skill area in information technology. Thus a computer engineer or computer science graduation most likely will have to obtain additional certificates on and pertaining to the specific technologies or equipment used by the hiring corporation; if not, such employer may suffer unwanted penalties like foregoing (voiding the contract) the protections of a certain level of customer service or warranties.

A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies. Most certifications are time-limited; some expire after a period of time (e.g., the lifetime of a product that required certification for use), while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met. Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up-to-date on advancements in the field, evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits (CECs), or continuing education units (CEUs), from approved professional development courses.

Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations, trade organizations, or private vendors interested in raising industry standards. Certificate programs are often created or endorsed by professional associations, but are typically completely independent from membership organizations. Certifications are very common in fields such as aviation, construction, technology, environment, and other industrial sectors, as well as healthcare, business, real estate, and finance.

According to The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997) by Phillip Barnhart, "certifications are portable, since they do not depend on one company's definition of a certain job" and they provide protential employers with "an impartial, third-party endorsement of an individual's professional knowledge and experience".[1]

Certification is different from professional licensure. In the United States, licenses are typically issued by state agencies, whereas certifications are usually awarded by professional societies or educational institutes. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. In other countries, licenses are typically granted by professional societies or universities and require a certificate after about three to five years and so on thereafter. The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than that of licensure, though sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same, despite differing in terms of legal status.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines the standard for being a certifying agency as meeting the following two requirements:

1. Delivering an assessment based on industry knowledge that is independent from training courses or course providers
2. Granting a time-limited credential to anyone who meets the assessment standards

The Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) is a U.S.-based organization that sets standards for the accreditation of personnel certification and certificate programs based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, a joint publication of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Many members of the Association of Test Publishers (ATP) are also certification organizations.

• Phillip Barnhart, The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997), HRD Press. ISBN 0-8493-9960-2 Retrieved electronically 7 July 2009.

• Master of Professional Studies in Real Estate. "Advanced Professional Certificate in Real Estate | Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies". Scs.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

• "Certificate Programs". lesley.edu.

Web engineering focuses on the methodologies, techniques, and tools that are the foundation of Web application development and which support their design, development, evolution, and evaluation. Web application development has certain characteristics that make it different from traditional software, information system, or computer application development.

Web engineering is multidisciplinary and encompasses contributions from diverse areas: systems analysis and design, software engineering, hypermedia/hypertext engineering, requirements engineering, human-computer interaction, user interface, information engineering, information indexing and retrieval, testing, modelling and simulation, project management, and graphic design and presentation. Web engineering is neither a clone nor a subset of software engineering, although both involve programming and software development. While Web Engineering uses software engineering principles, it encompasses new approaches, methodologies, tools, techniques, and guidelines to meet the unique requirements of Web-based applications.

Massachusetts (/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ (listen), /-zɪts/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named after the Massachusett tribe, which once inhabited the east side of the area, and is one of the original thirteen states. The capital of Massachusetts is Boston, which is also the most populous city in New England. Over 80% of Massachusetts's population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry.[41] Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade,[42] Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution.[43] During the 20th century, Massachusetts's economy shifted from manufacturing to services.[44] Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.[45]

Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Bay State The Pilgrim State; The Puritan State The Old Colony State The Baked Bean State[1]
Motto(s): Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem (Latin) By the sword we seek peace, but peace only under liberty
State song(s): "All Hail to Massachusetts"
Official language	English[2]
Spoken languages	English 77.4% Spanish 8.6% Portuguese 2.8%. Chinese 2.1%[3]
Demonym	Bay Stater (official)[4] Massachusite (traditional)[5][6]
Capital (and largest city)	Boston
Largest metro	Greater Boston
Area	Ranked 44th
• Total	10,565[7] sq mi (27,337 km2)
• Width	183 miles (295 km)
• Length	108 miles (174 km)
• % water	26.1
• Latitude	41° 14′ N to 42° 53′ N
• Longitude	69° 56′ W to 73° 30′ W
Population	Ranked 15th
• Total	6,902,149 (2018)
• Density	840/sq mi  (324/km2) Ranked 3rd
• Median household income	$77,385[8] (5th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Mount Greylock[9][10] 3,489 ft (1063.4 m)
• Mean	500 ft  (150 m)
• Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean Sea level
Before statehood	Province of Massachusetts Bay
Admitted to the Union	February 6, 1788 (6th)
Governor	Charlie Baker (R)
Lieutenant Governor	Karyn Polito (R)
Legislature	General Court
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	Elizabeth Warren (D) Ed Markey (D)
U.S. House delegation	9 Democrats (list)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC −5/−4
ISO 3166	US-MA
Abbreviations	MA, Mass.
Website	www.mass.gov

Massachusetts state symbols
The Flag of Massachusetts
The Seal of Massachusetts
Living insignia
Bird	Black-capped chickadee,[11] wild turkey[12][13]
Fish	Cod[13][14]
Flower	Mayflower[13][15]
Insect	Ladybug[13][16]
Mammal	Right whale,[17] Morgan horse,[18] Tabby cat,[19] Boston Terrier[20]
Reptile	Garter snake[13][21]
Tree	American elm[13][22]
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Cranberry juice[13][23]
Colors	Blue, green, cranberry[13][24]
Dance	Square dance[13][25]
Food	Cranberry,[26] corn muffin,[13][27] navy bean,[28] Boston cream pie,[29] chocolate chip cookie,[30] Boston cream doughnut[31]
Fossil	Dinosaur Tracks[32]
Gemstone	Rhodonite[13][33]
Mineral	Babingtonite[13][34]
Poem	"Blue Hills of Massachusetts"[13][35]
Rock	Rolling Rock[13][36]
Shell	New England Neptune, Neptunea lyrata decemcostata[13][39]
Ship	Schooner Ernestina [13]
Slogan	Make It Yours, The Spirit of America[37]
Soil	Paxton[13]
Sport	Basketball[38]
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2000[40]
Lists of United States state symbols

Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine [46]. Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, passengers of the Mayflower. In 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America's most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials.[47] In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, including interchangeable parts.[48] In 1786, Shays' Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention.[49] In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, originated from the pulpit of Northampton preacher Jonathan Edwards.[50] In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty"[51] for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution.

The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a powerful commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance,[52] and transcendentalist[53] movements.[54] In the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively.[55][56] In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.[57] Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams and Kennedy families. Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States,[58] with the largest financial endowment of any university,[59] and Harvard Law School has educated a contemporaneous majority of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.[60] Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet", in reference to the high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010.[61][62] Both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world.[63] Massachusetts' public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance,[64] and the state has been ranked as one of the top states in the United States for citizens to live in, as well as one of the most expensive.[65]

The United States Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that the Massachusetts gross state product in 2017 was US$527 billion.[204] The per capita personal income in 2012 was $53,221, making it the third-highest state in the nation.[205] As of January 2019, Massachusetts general minimum wage in the state is $12 per hour while the minimum wage for tipped workers is $4.35 an hour.[206]

In 2015, twelve Fortune 500 companies were located in Massachusetts: Liberty Mutual, Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company, TJX Companies, EMC Corporation, Raytheon, Staples Inc., Global Partners, Thermo Fisher Scientific, State Street Corporation, Biogen, Eversource Energy, and Boston Scientific.[207] CNBC's list of "Top States for Business for 2014" has recognized Massachusetts as the 25th-best state in the nation for business,[208] and for the second year in a row the state was ranked by Bloomberg as the most innovative state in America.[209] According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Massachusetts had the sixth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.73 percent.[210] Billionaires living in the state include past and present leaders (and related family) of local companies such as Fidelity Investments, New Balance, Kraft Group, Boston Scientific, and the former Continental Cablevision.[211] Boston-Logan International Airport is the busiest airport in New England, serving 33.4 million total passengers in 2015, and witnessing rapid growth in international air traffic since 2010.[212]

Sectors vital to the Massachusetts economy include higher education, biotechnology, information technology, finance, health care, tourism, manufacturing, and defense. The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment,[213] and high technology remains an important sector. In recent years tourism has played an ever-important role in the state's economy, with Boston and Cape Cod being the leading destinations.[214] Other popular tourist destinations include Salem, Plymouth, and the Berkshires. Massachusetts is the sixth-most popular tourist destination for foreign travelers.[215] In 2010, the Great Places in Massachusetts Commission published '1,000 Great Places in Massachusetts' that identified 1,000 sites across the commonwealth to highlight the diverse historic, cultural, and natural attractions.[216]

Cape Cod Bay, a leading tourist destination in Massachusetts. Tourism is important to the state's economy.

While manufacturing comprised less than 10% of Massachusetts's gross state product in 2016, the Commonwealth ranked 16th in the nation in total manufacturing output in the United States.[217] This includes a diverse array of manufactured goods such as medical devices, paper goods, specialty chemicals and plastics, telecommunications and electronics equipment, and machined components.[218][219]

As of 2012, there were 7,755 farms in Massachusetts encompassing a total of 523,517 acres (2,120 km2), averaging 67.5 acres (0.273 km2) apiece.[220] Particular agricultural products of note include green house products making up more than one third of the state's agricultural output, cranberries, sweet corn and apples are also large sectors of production.[221] Massachusetts is the second-largest cranberry-producing state in the union after Wisconsin.[222]

The more than 33,000 nonprofits in Massachusetts employ one-sixth of the state's workforce.[223] In 2007, Governor Deval Patrick signed into law a state holiday, Nonprofit Awareness Day.

In February 2017, U.S. News & World Report ranked Massachusetts the best state in the United States based upon 60 metrics including healthcare, education, crime, infrastructure, opportunity, economy, and government. The Bay State ranked number one in education, number two in healthcare, and number five in the handling of the economy.[65]

In 2018, Massachusetts's overall educational system was ranked the top among all fifty U.S. states by U.S. News & World Report.[188] Massachusetts was the first state in North America to require municipalities to appoint a teacher or establish a grammar school with the passage of the Massachusetts Education Law of 1647,[189] and 19th century reforms pushed by Horace Mann laid much of the groundwork for contemporary universal public education[190][191] which was established in 1852.[121] Massachusetts is home to the oldest school in continuous existence in North America (The Roxbury Latin School, founded in 1645), as well as the country's oldest public elementary school (The Mather School, founded in 1639),[192] its oldest high school (Boston Latin School, founded in 1635),[193] its oldest continuously operating boarding school (The Governor's Academy, founded in 1763),[194] its oldest college (Harvard University, founded in 1636),[195] and its oldest women's college (Mount Holyoke College, founded in 1837).[196]

Massachusetts's per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was eighth in the nation in 2012, at $14,844.[197] In 2013, Massachusetts scored highest of all the states in math and third-highest in reading on the National Assessment of Educational Progress.[198]

Massachusetts is home to 121 institutions of higher education.[199] Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, both located in Cambridge, consistently rank among the world's best private universities and universities in general.[200] In addition to Harvard and MIT, several other Massachusetts universities currently rank in the top 50 at the undergraduate level nationally in the widely cited rankings of U.S. News and World Report: Tufts University (#27), Boston College (#32), Brandeis University (#34), Boston University (#37) and Northeastern University (#40). Massachusetts is also home to three of the top five U.S. News and World Report's best Liberal Arts Colleges: Williams College (#1), Amherst College (#2), and Wellesley College (#4).[201] The public University of Massachusetts (nicknamed UMass) features five campuses in the state, with its flagship campus in Amherst that enrolls over 25,000 students.[202][203]

• Herman, Jennifer (2008). Massachusetts Encyclopedia. State History Publications, LLC. p. 7. Various nicknames have been given to describe Massachusetts, including the Bay State, the Old Bay State, the Pilgrim State, the Puritan State, the Old Colony State and, less often, the Baked Bean State

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CA/WD	Client/Server & Web Development
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: The Client/Server Developer Master Certificate Program focuses on some of today's hottest technologies: Visual Basic 6, Active Server Pages, Internet Information Server, ActiveX, as well as rock-solid standards like HTML and JavaScript. Employment opportunities for an individual armed with these technologies is practically unlimited! :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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CA/WD	Client/Server Developer
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: The Client/Server Developer Master Certificate Program focuses on some of today's hottest technologies: Visual Basic 6, Active Server Pages, Internet Information Server, ActiveX, as well as rock-solid standards like HTML and JavaScript. Employment opportunities for an individual armed with these technologies is practically unlimited! :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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CA/WD	Computer Programming with Web Technology
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Get the skills you need to succeed to be part of the well-paying computer/high-tech industry. Through real-world scenarios, you'll gain hands-on experience: Working with Java, Java applications, Visual Basic and SQL Creating attractive and interactive Web pages by learning such scripting languages as HTML, JavaScript, and XML Developing both E-commerce sites and animated Web sites using Macromedia's Flash 5. And you can get training fast-- be ready for an entry-level position in the workplace in just 30 weeks. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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CA/BP	E-Commerce Developer
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: The E-Commerce Developer Master Certificate Program will teach the student how they can build their own E-commerce Web site using Allaire's ColdFusion. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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CA/BP	E-Commerce Development with Cold Fusion
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: This program will teach the student how they can build their own E-commerce Web site using Allaire's ColdFusion. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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CA/BP	E-Commerce Specialist
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: The E-Commerce Specialist Master Certificate Program will teach the student how they can build their own E-commerce Web site using Allaire's ColdFusion with a solid grounding in the tools and skills of computer-generated design. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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CA/WD	Web Design From the Computer Career Institute at Clark University
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: Web pages allow visitors to not only view information, but also to interact with it. Perhaps the most appealing aspect of the World Wide Web is its capacity to unite text, graphics, audio, and video, in ways that enhance the user's experience. These multiple media components can be combined to form the look and feel of a Web site. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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CA/WD	Web Design Specialist From the Computer Career Institute at Clark University
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: The Web Design Master Certificate Program allows students to explore the concepts for developing the structure of a Web site, and the tools that allow for the expansion and enhancement of the graphical user interface. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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CA/WD	Web Developer From the Computer Career Institute at Clark University
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: Students will learn the core technologies of HTML and web graphics students will learn how to write code effectively and build easily navigable sites. Later in the module, students will learn Macromedia Dreamweaver, which is a very robust application that incorporates HTML, Dynamic HTML, JavaScript, and powerful site management features into a customizable application. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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CA/WD	Web Development From the Computer Career Institute at Clark University
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: In the Web Development Certificate of Completion Module, students will learn to develop dynamic web applications with a minimal amount of coding. Web sites that incorporate connectivity to databases are one of the fastest areas of growth for companies to effectively serve their customers on the World Wide Web. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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CA/WD	Web Development Specialist From the Computer Career Institute at Clark University
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: The Graphics Essentials module presents the formal elements of typography, color, industry practices, and idea generation, as well as the development of professional attitudes and approaches to problem solving. Discussion, demonstration, and hands-on projects that simulate real-world scenarios, teach students how to think like designers. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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CA/WD	Web Essentials From the Computer Career Institute at Clark University
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: In the Web Essentials Certificate of Completion Module students will look at the technologies that make the Internet so popular and learn how they can create effective and efficient web sites. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/WD	Web Graphics Designer From the Computer Career Institute at Clark University
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: The Web Graphics Designer Master Certificate Program provides students with a solid grounding in the tools and skills of computer-generated design, to be utilized in both print and web based projects. In addition to emphasizing technical proficiency, essential concepts such design theory and design methodology are integrated. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/WD	Web Multimedia Designer From the Computer Career Institute at Clark University
School: Clark University Computer Career Institute Program: The Web Design Master Certificate Program allows students to explore the concepts for developing the structure of a Web site, and the tools that allow for the expansion and enhancement of the graphical user interface. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Boston, MA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/WD	Computer Programming with Web Technology
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Get the skills you need to succeed to be part of the well-paying computer/high-tech industry. Through real-world scenarios, you'll gain hands-on experience: Working with Java, Java applications, Visual Basic and SQL Creating attractive and interactive Web pages by learning such scripting languages as HTML, JavaScript, and XML Developing both E-commerce sites and animated Web sites using Macromedia's Flash 5. And you can get training fast-- be ready for an entry-level position in the workplace in just 30 weeks. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Brockton, MA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/WD	Computer Programming with Web Technology
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Get the skills you need to succeed to be part of the well-paying computer/high-tech industry. Through real-world scenarios, you'll gain hands-on experience: Working with Java, Java applications, Visual Basic and SQL Creating attractive and interactive Web pages by learning such scripting languages as HTML, JavaScript, and XML Developing both E-commerce sites and animated Web sites using Macromedia's Flash 5. And you can get training fast-- be ready for an entry-level position in the workplace in just 30 weeks. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Lowell, MA ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/WD	Computer Programming with Web Technology
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Get the skills you need to succeed to be part of the well-paying computer/high-tech industry. Through real-world scenarios, you'll gain hands-on experience: Working with Java, Java applications, Visual Basic and SQL Creating attractive and interactive Web pages by learning such scripting languages as HTML, JavaScript, and XML Developing both E-commerce sites and animated Web sites using Macromedia's Flash 5. And you can get training fast-- be ready for an entry-level position in the workplace in just 30 weeks. :: Concentration: Web Engineering :: Campus    ::  Location: Somerville, MA ::  more info

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School Description

web design and engineering

Massachusetts Listing

E-Commerce is a nine-month certificate program that will give students specific technical, design, professional, and operational information about conducting business with the use of the Internet and other new technologies.

Students will be able to seek employment as web-based entrepreneurs, consultants, or as employees within existing business structures that are seeking or maintaining an Internet presence. Students will develop a professionalism based on an extremely new vocabulary and way of conducting business.

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