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| State of California | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Nickname(s):
The Golden State |
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| Motto(s): Eureka[1] | |||||
| State song(s): "I Love You, California" | |||||
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| Official language | English | ||||
| Spoken languages | Language spoken at home[2] | ||||
| Demonym | Californian | ||||
| Capital | Sacramento | ||||
| Largest city | Los Angeles | ||||
| Largest metro | Greater Los Angeles | ||||
| Area | Ranked 3rd | ||||
|  • Total | 163,696 sq mi (423,970 km2) |
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|  • Width | 250 miles (400 km) | ||||
|  • Length | 770 miles (1,240 km) | ||||
|  • % water | 4.7 | ||||
|  • Latitude | 32°32′ N to 42° N | ||||
|  • Longitude | 114°8′ W to 124°26′ W | ||||
| Population | Ranked 1st | ||||
|  • Total | 39,557,045 (2018 est.)[3] | ||||
|  • Density | 240/sq mi (92.6/km2) Ranked 11th |
||||
|  • Median household income | $71,805 (2017)[4] (9th) | ||||
| Elevation | |||||
|  • Highest point | Mount Whitney[5][6][7][8] 14,505 ft (4,421.0 m) |
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|  • Mean | 2,900 ft (880 m) | ||||
|  • Lowest point | Badwater Basin[9] −279 ft (−85.0 m) |
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| Before statehood | Mexican Cession (part) | ||||
| Admitted to the Union | September 9, 1850 (31st) | ||||
| Governor | Gavin Newsom (D) | ||||
| Lieutenant Governor | Eleni Kounalakis (D) | ||||
| Legislature | State Legislature | ||||
|  • Upper house | State Senate | ||||
|  • Lower house | State Assembly | ||||
| U.S. Senators | Dianne Feinstein (D) Kamala Harris (D) |
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| U.S. House delegation | 46 Democrats 7 Republicans (list) |
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| Time zones | Pacific Time Zone | ||||
|  • Standard time | PST (UTC−8) | ||||
|  • Summer time (DST) | PDT (UTC−7) | ||||
| ISO 3166 | US-CA | ||||
| Abbreviations | CA, Calif., Cal. | ||||
| Website | www.ca.gov | ||||
| California state symbols | |
|---|---|
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| Living insignia | |
| Amphibian | California red-legged frog |
| Bird | California quail |
| Fish |
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| Flower | California poppy |
| Grass | Purple needlegrass |
| Insect | California dogface butterfly |
| Mammal |
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| Reptile | Desert tortoise |
| Tree | Coast redwood & giant sequoia[10] |
| Inanimate insignia | |
| Colors | Blue & gold[11] |
| Dance | West Coast Swing |
| Folk dance | Square dance |
| Fossil | Sabre-toothed cat |
| Gemstone | Benitoite |
| Mineral | Native gold |
| Rock | Serpentine |
| Soil | San Joaquin |
| Sport | Surfing |
| Tartan | California State Tartan |
| State route marker | |
 |
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| State quarter | |
Released in 2005 |
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| Lists of United States state symbols | |
California's $3.0Â trillion economy is larger than that of any other state, larger than those of Texas and Florida combined, and the largest sub-national economy in the world.[13] If it were a country, California would be the 5th largest economy in the world (larger than the United Kingdom, France, or India),[14] and the 36th most populous as of 2017.[15] The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second- and third-largest urban economies ($1.253Â trillion and $907Â billion respectively as of 2017), after the New York metropolitan area.[16] The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation's highest GDP per capita in 2017 (~$94,000) among large PSAs,[16] and is home to three of the world's ten largest companies by market capitalization[17] and four of the world's ten richest people.[18]
California is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture, innovation, environmentalism and politics. It is considered the origin of the American film industry, the hippie counterculture, fast food, the Internet,[19] and the personal computer,[20] among others.[21][22] The San Francisco Bay Area and the Greater Los Angeles Area are widely seen as global centers of the technology and entertainment industries, respectively. California has a very diverse economy: 58% of the state's economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services.[23] Although it accounts for only 1.5% of the state's economy,[23] California's agriculture industry has the highest output of any U.S. state.[24][25][26][27]
California is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and the Mexican state of Baja California to the south (with the coast being on the west). The state's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east, and from the redwood–Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast. The Central Valley, a major agricultural area, dominates the state's center. Although California is well-known for its warm Mediterranean climate, the large size of the state results in climates that vary from moist temperate rainforest in the north to arid desert in the interior, as well as snowy alpine in the mountains. Over time, drought and wildfires have become more pervasive features.[28][29]
What is now California was first settled by various Native Californian tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries. The Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican–American War. The western portion of Alta California then was organized and admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850. The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom.
The educational system in California consists of public and private schools in the U.S. state of California, including the public University of California, California State University, and California Community Colleges systems, private colleges and universities, and public and private elementary, middle, and high schools.
The main state research university is the University of California (UC). The University of California has ten major campuses.[16] Each major UC campus is headed by a chancellor that is appointed by the Regents of the University of California.[17]
The ten major campuses of the University of California are located in Berkeley, Los Angeles, San Diego, Davis, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, Irvine, Riverside, Merced and San Francisco. The University of California, San Francisco, teaches only graduate health-sciences students. The UC Hastings College of the Law, also in San Francisco, is affiliated with UC, but is not administered by the UC Regents. The UC system was originally intended to accept students from the top one-eighth (1/8th) of California high school graduates, however several of the schools in the UC system have become even more selective. The awarding of doctoral degrees from California public universities was originally intended to be the sole domain of the UC system, however several doctoral degrees are now also awarded by the Cal State system.
The University of California also administers one national laboratory directly for the United States Department of Energy: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The university indirectly manages Los Alamos National Laboratory through Los Alamos National Security, LLC and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory through Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC.
The California State University (CSU) system describes itself as the largest four-year public university system in the United States.[18] The CSU was originally intended to accept students from the top one-third (1/3rd) of California high school graduates, however several of the schools in the CSU system have become much more selective. Many of the larger campuses, such as Cal Poly, Cal Poly Pomona, Long Beach State, Cal State Fullerton, Cal State San Bernardino, Fresno State, Sacramento State, San Francisco State, San Diego State, and San José State (the oldest public university in California) have become more research oriented than they were in the past. A marked change and a shift from the California Master Plan for Higher Education began in 2007 with the CSU gaining the ability to grant doctoral level degrees in education (Ed.D.). The CSU has since gained the authority to grant many other Doctoral degrees, such as the Doctor of Nursing Practice, the Doctor of Physical Therapy, and the Au.D.. The CSU also has the ability to grant joint Ph.Ds with other universities. Kevin Starr (State Librarian emeritus) and others have argued that this small change is the beginning of a larger reorganization of higher education in California.
The California Community Colleges system provides lower division "General Education" courses, whose credit units are transferable to the CSU and UC systems, as well as vocational education, remedial education, and continuing education programs. It awards certificates and associate degrees. It is composed of 112 colleges organized into 72 districts, serving a student population of over 2.9 million. The system also provides the education certification, basic training, and some advanced training to all police officers, fire fighters and Emergency Medical Tech's in the state either directly (via on campus academies) or indirectly (via affiliations with police / sheriff department's and fire department's "in house" academies).
Notable private universities and colleges include Stanford University, Loyola Marymount University, the University of Southern California (USC), the University of San Francisco (USF), Santa Clara University, Pepperdine University, St. Mary's College, the University of the Pacific, Thomas Aquinas College, Touro University California, the Claremont Colleges, Occidental College, Westmont College, the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the Southern California Institute of Technology (SCIT).
California has hundreds of other private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions. This leads to many unique entertainment and educational opportunities for residents. For example, Southern California, with one of the highest densities of post-secondary institutions in the world, has a very large base of classically trained vocalists that compete in large choir festivals. In the Bay Area and near Los Angeles, there are numerous art and film schools, including the California College of the Arts and the CalArts Institute.
- "Chapter 2 of Division 2 of Tutle 1 of the California Government Code". California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
- "California: Population estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. January 4, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
- "Median Annual Household Income". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
- "Whitney". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- The summit of Mount Whitney is the highest point in the Contiguous United States.
- "USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) – National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)". United States Geological Survey. September 21, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
- "California Government Code § 422". California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
- "California Government Code § 424". California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
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- Palmer, Brian (July 10, 2013). "The C-Free Diet" – via Slate.
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- Bettina Boxall and Paige St. John (November 10, 2018). "California's most destructive wildfire should not have come as a surprise". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
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Carlson, Jon D. (2011). Myths, State Expansion, and the Birth of Globalization: A Comparative Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-137-01045-2. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
Brooke Hoover, Mildred; Kyle, Douglas E., eds. (1990). Historic Spots in California. Stanford University Press. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-8047-1734-2. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
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Huping Ling (April 29, 2009). Asian America: Forming New Communities, Expanding Boundaries. Rutgers University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-8135-4867-8.
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- Historical Atlas of California
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- "Introduction". Early History of the California Coast. National Park Service. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
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Testimonios: Early California Through the Eyes of Women, 1815–1848. Heyday. 2006. p. 425. ISBN 978-1-59714-033-1. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
- Starr, Kevin (2007). California: A History. Modern Library. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-0-8129-7753-0.
Hoover, Mildred Brooke; Kyle, Douglas E., eds. (2002). Historic Spots in California. Historic Spots in California. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-8047-7817-6. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
Conway, J.D. (2003). Monterey: Presidio, Pueblo, and Port. Arcadia Publishing. The Making of America Series. pp. 53–55. ISBN 978-0-7385-2423-8. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
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Harlow, Neal (1989). California Conquered: The Annexation of a Mexican Province, 1846–1850. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-06605-2. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
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"The United States and California". Early California History: An Overview. Library of Congress. 1998. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
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Matthew Kachur; Jon Sterngass (July 1, 2006). The Mexican-American War. World Almanac Library. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-8368-7290-3.
Thomas M. Leonard (2001). James K. Polk: A Clear and Unquestionable Destiny. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 141–143. ISBN 978-0-8420-2647-5.
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Hunt Janin; Ursula Carlson (April 20, 2015). The California Campaigns of the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846–1848. McFarland. pp. 149–151. ISBN 978-1-4766-2093-0.
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Robert A. Kleinhenz; Kimberly Ritter-Martinez; Rafael De Anda; Elizabeth Avila (August 2012). "The Aerospace Industry in Southern California" (PDF). laedc.org. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013. In 1987, California accounted for one in four aerospace jobs nationally, and in Los Angeles County, the share was one in ten. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the Department of Defense (DOD) sharply curtailed procurement spending. In 1995, DOD spending fell below $50 billion for the first time since 1982. Nowhere in the country were the changes in Pentagon outlays more apparent than in Southern California.
Eric John Heikkila; Rafael Pizarro (January 1, 2002). Southern California and the World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-275-97112-0. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
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