Get Your Degree Online!

:: Master of Business Administration (MBA)

A master's degree[note 1] (from Latin magister) is an academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice.[1] A master's degree normally requires previous study at the bachelor's level, either as a separate degree or as part of an integrated course. Within the area studied, master's graduates are expected to possess advanced knowledge of a specialized body of theoretical and applied topics; high order skills in analysis, critical evaluation, or professional application; and the ability to solve complex problems and think rigorously and independently.

• Postgraduate/graduate master's degrees (MA/M.A./A.M., MPhil/M.Phil., MSc/M.S./SM, MBA/M.B.A., LLM/LL.M., etc.) are the traditional formal form of master's degree, where the student already holds an undergraduate (bachelor's) degree on entry. Courses normally last one year in the UK and two years in the US.[47][48]
• Integrated master's degrees (MChem, MEng, MMath, MPharm, MPhys, MPsych, MSci, etc.) are UK degrees that combine an undergraduate bachelor's degree course with an extra year at master's level (i.e. a total of four years in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and five years in Scotland). A 2011 survey of UK Higher Education Institutes found that 64% offered integrated master's course, mostly in STEM disciplines, with the most common degrees being MEng, MSci and MChem. 82% of respondents conferred only a master's degree for the course, while 9% conferred a bachelor's degree at the end of the bachelor's-level stage and a master's degree at the end of the course and a further 9% conferred both bachelor's and master's degrees at the end of the course.[56][57]

The UK Quality Assurance Agency defines three categories of Master's degrees:[59]

• Research master's degrees are primarily research based, although may contain taught elements, particularly on research methods. Examples are the MLitt (usually, but not always a research degree), the Master's by Research, and the MPhil. The Master's by Research (MbyRes, ResM), which is a research degree, is distinct from the Master of Research (MRes), which is a taught degree concentrating on research methods.[60]
• Specialised or advanced study master's degrees are primarily taught degrees, although commonly at least a third of the course is devoted to a research project assessed by dissertation. These may be stand-alone master's courses, leading to, e.g., MSc, MA or MRes degrees, or integrated master's degrees.
• Professional or practice master's degrees (see also professional degree) are designed to prepare students for a particular professional career and are primarily taught, although they may include work placements and independent study projects. Some may require professional experience for entry. Examples include MBA, MDiv, LLM and MSW as well as some integrated master's degrees. The name of the degree normally includes the subject name.

The United States Department of Education classifies master's degrees as research or professional. Research master's degrees in the US (e.g., M.A./A.M. or M.S.) require the completion of taught courses and examinations in a major and one or more minor subjects, as well as (normally) a research thesis. Professional master's degrees may be structured like research master's (e.g., M.E./M.Eng.) or may concentrate on a specific discipline (e.g., M.B.A.) and often substitute a project for the thesis.[48]

Master's programs in the US and Canada are normally two years in length. In some fields/programs, work on a doctorate begins immediately after the bachelor's degree, but a master's may be granted along the way as an intermediate qualification if the student petitions for it.[48] Some universities offer evening options so that students can work during the day and earn a master's degree in the evenings.[63]

Admission to a master's degree normally requires successful completion of study at bachelor's degree level either (for postgraduate degrees) as a stand-alone degree or (for integrated degrees) as part of an integrated scheme of study. In countries where the bachelor's degree with honours is the standard undergraduate degree, this is often the normal entry qualification.[59][72] In addition, students will normally have to write a personal statement and, in the arts and humanities, will often have to submit a portfolio of work.[73]

• [1] Archived October 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

• Hastings Rashdall (1895). "I". The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Volume 1, Salerno, Bologna, Paris. pp. 1–22.

• "History of Medieval Education, Middle Ages European Learning". Academic Apparel. Retrieved 8 August 2016.

• Corydon Ireland (22 May 2012). "Commencements, from 1642 onward". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 8 August 2016.

• "Oxbridge masters degrees 'offensive', says Cambridge don". Daily Telegraph. 27 May 2010.

• "Harvard College Laws of 1700". Constitution Society. Retrieved 8 August 2016.

• Board Of Overseers, Harvard University (6 January 1825). Revised Code of Laws. Report of a Committee of the Overseers of Harvard College. p. 22.

• J. A. Lawrie (20 July 1855). The Charters of the Scotch Universities and Medical Corporations, and Medical Reform in Scotland. Association Medical Journal. Provincial Medical and Surgical Association. p. 687.

• "Minutes of the Medical Council". The Medical Times and Gazette. 13 July 1861. p. 441.

• College of Surgeons. The Philadelphia University Journal of Medicine and Surgery. 13. 1870. p. 284.

• Barnard, Henry (1858). University of Edinburgh. American Journal of Education. 4. p. 821.

• "PARLIAMENTARY REFORM—BILL FOR SCOTLAND—COMMITTEE". Hansard. 9 July 1832. Retrieved 21 August 2016.

• C. E. Whiting (29 June 1937). "Durham University Centenary". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 8 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)). The M.A. degree at Oxford and Cambridge had degenerated, and was granted to Bachelors of three years' standing on the payment of certain fees. At Durham the B.A. had to keep residence for three extra terms, and to pass what seems have been an honours examination in order to proceed to the Master's degree, and for a number of years classes were awarded in the M.A. examination.

• "Examination for the degree of Matter of Arts". Regulations of the University of London on the Subject of Degrees in Arts. 1839. pp. 21–23.

• "Regulations". The Durham University Calendar. 1842. pp. xxv–xxvi.

• Chambers w. And r, ltd (1862). Edinburgh University. Chambers's Encyclopaedia•volume=III.

• "Graduate Education: Parameters for Public Policy" (PDF). National Science Board. 1969. pp. 1–5. Retrieved 10 August 2016.

• "A (Very) Brief History the Master's Degree". American Historical Association. Retrieved 10 August 2016.

• Walter Arthur Donnelly (1941). Degrees Authorized by the University of Michigan. The University of Michigan, an Encyclopedic Survey. University of Michigan. p. 294.

• "Third Charter, 1858". University of London, the Historical Record: 1836-1912. University of London Press. 1912. pp. 39–48.

• "University of London". Southern Reporter and Cork Commercial Courier. 28 December 1859 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

• Ravenscroft, Edward (872). Regulations as to Degrees in Science. The Edinburgh University Calendar. pp. 115–117.

• "Durham University". Bury and Norwich Post. 7 October 1862 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

• "New Degrees of Science". Cheltenham Chronicle. 5 June 1877 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

• "University Intelligence". Oxford Journal. 5 April 1879 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

• "University Intelligence". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. 5 February 1880 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

• "Clippings from the Athenaeum". Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette. 24 August 1878 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

• "The Victoria University and its Science Degrees". Birmingham Daily Post. 16 April 1881. Retrieved 8 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

• University Calendar. Victoria University. 1883. pp. 37–38.

• "Mr. Meyer and his D.D." London Daily News. 31 August 1903 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

• "University Degrees". London Daily News. 2 September 1903 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

• "University Degrees". London Daily News. 7 September 1903 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

• Carter A. Daniel (1998). MBA: The First Century. Bucknell University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780838753620.

• "Commerce as a Science". London Daily News. 26 November 1903 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).

• "The Faculty of Law". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 14 August 2016.

• "Regulations for Degrees, Diplomas, and Certificates". Statutes and Regulations. University of Oxford. 16 September 2015. Conversion of BLitt, BPhil, and BSc to MLitt, MPhil, and MSc. Retrieved 14 August 2016.

• "New-style engineering degrees proposed". The Production Engineer. [IEEE]. September 1983. Retrieved 13 August 2016.

• Colin R. Chapman; Jack Levy (2004). "An Engine for Change: A Chronicle of the Engineering Council" (PDF). Engineering Council. Retrieved 13 August 2016.

• The National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education (1997). Higher Education in the learning society. Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

• Jennifer Currie (16 June 2000). "Why I...think Oxbridge MA degrees should be scrapped". Times Higher Education.

• "Early day motion 806". Parliament.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2016.

• Ben Russell (3 July 2000). "Oxbridge MAs are misleading, says agency". The Independent.

• "The framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland". Quality Assurance Agency. January 2001. Archived from the original on 14 April 2001. Retrieved 14 August 2016.

• "The framework for qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland". Quality Assurance Agency. January 2001. Archived from the original on 2 March 2001. Retrieved 14 August 2016.

• "EUROPE: Future of masters programmes". University World News. 26 April 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2016.

• Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Education and Skills Committee (30 April 2007). The Bologna process and the UK. The Bologna process: fourth report of session 2006-07, report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence. The Stationery Office. p. 52. ISBN 9780215033727.

• Results of the 2011 UK HE International Unit European Activity Survey of UK HEIs - UK (PDF) (Report). UK Higher Education International Unit. 23 April 2012. p. 6.

• "Structure of the U.S. Education System: Master's Degrees". United States Department of Education. February 2008.

• The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies (PDF). Quality Assurance Agency. November 2014. p. 36.

• "University of Nottingham Qualifications Framework". Quality Manual. University of Nottingham. Retrieved 10 July 2016.

• "Masters in Accounting". QS Top Universities. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 10 July 2016.

• University of Oxford Style Guide (PDF). University of Oxford. 2016. p. 20. Retrieved 10 July 2016.

• "University Degrees". Debrett's. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.

• "Academic Degrees & Professional Designations". Accu-Assist. Retrieved 29 May 2016.

• Australian Qualifications Framework (PDF) (Second ed.). Australian Qualifications Framework Council. January 2013. pp. 72–73. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-10.

• The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies. Quality Assurance Agency. November 2014. p. 29.

• Results of the 2011 UK HE International Unit European Activity Survey of UK HEIs - UK (PDF) (Report). UK Higher Education International Unit. 23 April 2012. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2014.

• "TCD to keep selling Masters - Independent.ie". Independent.ie. 19 November 2005. Retrieved 11 July 2016.

• Master's Degree Characteristics Statement (PDF) (Report). Quality Assurance Agency. September 2015. pp. 4–5.

• Master's Degree Characteristics Statement (PDF) (Report). Quality Assurance Agency. September 2015. pp. 10–13.

• Australian Qualifications Framework (PDF) (Second ed.). Australian Qualifications Framework Council. January 2013. pp. 59–62. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-10.

• "Irish National Framework of Qualifications (NFQ)". Quality and Qualifications Ireland. Retrieved 13 July 2016.

• "Georgia Institute of Technology: Evening Program". Retrieved 14 July 2015.

• "What is a Master's degree?". Prospects. Retrieved 9 February 2019.

• "Master's Degree Characteristics Statement" (PDF). QAA. September 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2019.

• "Higher education credit framework for England" (PDF). QAA. August 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2019.

• "The framework of qualifications for the European Higher Education Area" (PDF). European Higher Education Area. 20 May 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.

• ECTS Users' Guide (PDF). European Union. 2015. p. 10. doi:10.2766/87192. ISBN 978-92-79-43559-1.

• "Verification of compatibility of the framework for qualifications of higher education institutions in Scotland with the framework for qualifications of the European Higher Education Area" (PDF). Quality Assurance Agency. October 2006.

• "Verification of the compatibility of The framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (FHEQ) with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area(FQ-EHEA)" (PDF). Quality Assurance Agency. November 2008.

• "Verification of Compatibility of Irish National Framework of Qualifications with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area" (PDF). November 2006.

• "Verification of Compatibility of Irish National Framework of Qualifications with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area" (PDF). November 2006. p. 7.

• "Applying for a Masters degree". prospects.ac.uk. Graduate Prospects. June 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.

• "FAQs about postgraduate study". UCAS. Retrieved 14 July 2016.

• "Graduate Admissions Tests at a Glance: GMAT, GRE, LSAT, TOEFL & IELTS". Top Universities. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2016.

• "ΦΕΚ 54". Journal of the Government of the Greek Republic (in Greek). 54 (Appendix). Athens, Greece. August 1, 1978.

• European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice (2015). The European Higher Education Area in 2015: Bologna Process Implementation Report (Report). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 17.

• European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice (2015). The European Higher Education Area in 2015: Bologna Process Implementation Report (Report). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. pp. 54–56.

• Verification of compatibility of the Danish National Qualifications Framework for Higher Education with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area (PDF). The Danish Evaluation Institute. November 2009. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-87-7958-556-0.

• "Organisation licence master doctorat (L.M.D.)" (in French). Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2016.

• "Degree & recognition". Centre International de Formation Europëenne. Retrieved 10 July 2016.

• "The French National Qualifications Framework". Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle. Retrieved 10 July 2016.

• "Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca". Attiministeriali.muir.it. Retrieved 28 November 2014.

• "wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek - BWBR0005682". Wetten.overheid.nl. Retrieved 13 October 2014.

• [2] Archived May 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

• "Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap". Minocw.nl. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2014.

• "Citizens' questions letter from Dutch Department of Education, Culture and Science" (PDF). Members.home.nl. Retrieved 28 November 2014.

• Keesâ„¢ Internetbureau. "titulatuur: drs. A. Jansen, M.B.A. - Genootschap Onze Taal". Onzetaal.nl. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2014.

• [3] Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine

• "European higher education area - Slovenia". ehea.info. Retrieved 2017-11-23.

• "European higher education area - Croatia". ehea.info. Retrieved 2017-11-23.

• "Real Decreto 967/2014". Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Retrieved 3 August 2017.

A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in business administration or management. According to Kaplan business schools are "educational institutions that specialize in teaching courses and programs related to business and/or management".[1] Such a school can also be known as school of management, school of business administration, or colloquially b-school or biz school. A business school teaches topics such as accounting, administration, strategy, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, human resource management, management science, management information systems, international business, logistics, marketing, organizational psychology, organizational behavior, public relations, research methods and real estate among others.

There are several forms of business schools, including a school of business, business administration, and management.

1. Most of the university business schools consist of faculties, colleges, or departments within the university, and predominantly teach business courses (e.g. Mannheim Business School).
2. In North America, a business school is often understood to be a university program that offers a graduate Master of Business Administration degrees and/or undergraduate bachelor's degrees (e.g. Harvard Business School).
3. In Europe and Asia, some universities teach predominantly business courses (e.g. Copenhagen Business School).
4. Privately owned business school which is not affiliated with any university (e.g. WHU-Otto Beisheim School of Management).

Kaplan classifies business schools along four Corners:[2]

1. Culture (Europe - US): Independent of their actual (physical) location, business schools can be classified according to whether they follow the European or the US model.
2. Compass (international/global – regional/local): Business schools can be classified along a continuum, with international/ global schools on one end and regional/ local schools on the other.
3. Capital (public – private): Business schools can either be publicly (state) funded or privately funded, for example through endowments or tuition fees.
4. Content (teaching – research): Business school can be classified according to whether a school considers teaching or research to be its primary focus.

Common degrees are as follows.

• Associate's degree: AA, AAB, ABA, AS
• Bachelor's Degrees:

BCom, BA, BS, BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration), BBus (Bachelor of Business), BSBA, BAcc, BABA, BBS, BMOS and BBusSc (Bachelor of Business Science)

• Master's Degrees: MBA, MBM, Master of Management, MAcc, MMR, MSMR, MPA, MISM, MSM, MHA, MSF, MSc, MST, MMS, EMBA and MCom. At Oxford and Cambridge business schools an MPhil or MSc, is awarded in place of an MA.
• Doctoral Degrees: Ph.D., DBA, DHA, DM, Doctor of Commerce (DCOM), PhD in Management or Business Doctorate (Doctor of Philosophy), Doctor of Professional Studies (DPS)

Some business schools structure their teaching around the use of case studies (i.e. the case method). Case studies have been used in Graduate and Undergraduate business education for nearly one hundred years. Business cases are historical descriptions of actual business situations. Typically, information is presented about a business firm's products, markets, competition, financial structure, sales volumes, management, employees and other factors influencing the firm's success. The length of a business case study may range from two or three pages to 30 pages, or more.

Business schools often obtain case studies published by the Harvard Business School, INSEAD, London Business School, the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University, the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan, the Richard Ivey School of Business at The University of Western Ontario, the Darden School at the University of Virginia, IESE, other academic institutions, or case clearing houses (such as The Case Centre). Harvard's most popular case studies include Lincoln Electric Co.[44] and Google, Inc.[45]

Students are expected to scrutinize the case study and prepare to discuss strategies and tactics that the firm should employ in the future. Three different methods have been used in business case teaching:

1. Preparing case-specific questions to be answered by the student. This is used with short cases intended for Undergraduate students. The underlying concept is that such students need specific guidance to be able to analyze case studies.
2. Problem-solving analysis is the second method initiated by the Harvard Business School which is by far the most widely used method in MBA and executive development programs. The underlying concept is that with enough practice (hundreds of case analyses) students develop intuitive skills for analyzing and resolving complex business situations. Successful implementation of this method depends heavily on the skills of the discussion leader.
3. A generally applicable strategic planning approach. This third method does not require students to analyze hundreds of cases. A strategic planning model is provided and students are instructed to apply the steps of the model to six – and up to a dozen cases – during a semester. This is sufficient to develop their ability to analyze a complex situation, generate a variety of possible strategies and to select the best ones. In effect, students learn a generally applicable approach to analyze cases studies and real situations.[46] This approach does not make any extraordinary demands on the artistic and dramatic talents of the teacher. Consequently, most professors are capable of supervising the application of this method.

In contrast to the case method some schools use a skills-based approach in teaching business. This approach emphasizes quantitative methods, in particular operations research, management information systems, statistics, organizational behavior, modeling and simulation, and decision science. The leading institution in this method is the Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University. The goal is to provide students a set of tools that will prepare them to tackle and solve problems.

Another important approach used in business school is the use of business games that are used in different disciplines such as business, economics, management, etc. Some colleges are blending many of these approaches throughout their degree programs, and even blending the method of delivery for each of these approaches. A study from by Inside Higher Ed and the Babson Survey Research Group[48] shows that there is still disagreement as to the effectiveness of the approaches but the reach and accessibility is proving to be more and more appealing. Liberal arts colleges in the United States like New England College,[49] Wesleyan University,[50] and Bryn Mawr College are now offering complete online degrees in many business curriculae despite the controversy that surrounds the learning method.

There are also several business schools which still rely on the lecture method to give students a basic business education. Lectures are generally given from the professor's point of view, and rarely require interaction from the students unless notetaking is required. Lecture as a method of teaching in business schools has been criticized by experts for reducing the incentive and individualism in the learning experience.[51]

• "Andreas Kaplan: A school is "a building that has four walls…with tomorrow inside": Toward the reinvention of the business school". Business Horizons. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.010.

• "Andreas Kaplan: A school is "a building that has four walls…with tomorrow inside": Toward the reinvention of the business school". Business Horizons. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.010.

• Rodrigues, Lúcia Lima. "Aula do Comércio (1759-1844): Primeiro Estabelecimento Governamental de Ensino de Contabilidade" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ordem dos Técnicos Oficiais de Contas. Retrieved 9 April 2012.

• Rodrigues, Lúcia Lima. "Aula do Comércio (1759-1844): Primeiro Estabelecimento Governamental de Ensino de Contabilidade" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ordem dos Técnicos Oficiais de Contas. Retrieved 9 April 2012.

• "Business Schools and business programs - Graduate International".

• "Andreas Kaplan: European Management and European Business Schools: Insights from the History of Business Schools". European Management Journal. 32: 529–534. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2014.03.006.

• "Focus On - Generation Europe Foundation - Career Guidance (page 5)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-17.

• "Business Schools and business programs - Graduate International".

• "ESCP EUROPE - Torino". TopUniversities. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• Warsaw Campus - escpeurope.eu

• Mansoor Iqbal (2 December 2015). "The 10 Top European Business Schools According to International Recruiters". TopMBA. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• "The University of Antwerp, Belgium". TheCompleteUniversity. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• "BBS History".

• Ginibrière, Gaëlle (14 May 2013). "Business Schools: Rouen and Reims unite to view larger". Lefigaro (in French). Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• "Wharton History". The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2012-06-03.

• "Haas School of Business". Haas School of Business. Retrieved 4 March 2016.

• "History of Haas". Haas School of Business. Retrieved 4 March 2016.

• "Chicago Booth School of Business". Chicago Booth School of Business. Retrieved 2 Dec 2014.

• "HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management". Archived from the original on 2018-10-15. Retrieved 2018-12-19.

• "Definition: Betriebswirtschaftlehre (BWL)" (in German). Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon. Retrieved 10 June 2012.

• Tuck School of Business | History. Tuck.dartmouth.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-26.

• "Birmingham Business School". The Independent. London. 2010-12-12.

• History | Desautels. mcgill.ca

• "History of the School". SGH. Retrieved 8 August 2012.

• "1908-1917 | Kellogg School of Management | Northwestern University". www.kellogg.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2016-05-20.

• "History of the MBA MBA Friday Facts". www.topmba.com.

• Kaplan, Andreas M (2014). "European Management and European Business Schools: Insights from the History of Business Schools". European Management Journal. 32: 529–534. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2014.03.006.

• "HANKEN Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration". Helsinki. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-03-27. Retrieved 2018-12-19.

• "Kelley School of Business History".

• "Chicago Booth History". Chicago Booth School of Business. Retrieved 19 Jan 2017.

• "The growth and development of NHH". www.nhh.no. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-01.

• Gonzales, Angela (2007-02-05). "Thunderbird school changes name as it seizes new opportunities – Phoenix Business Journal". Phoenix.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Thunderbird history showcased through Arizona Memory Project – Thunderbird School of Global Management". Thunderbird.edu. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Wits Business School". MBA.co.za. Archived from the original on 2007-08-09. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Gordon Institute of Business Science". GIBS. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• XLRI- Xavier School of Management

• Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management

• "History - Faculty of Management Studies". fms.edu.

• "Institute of Business Administration - Karachi". iba.edu.pk.

• "IEDC – Bled School of Management". The Independent. London. 2010-12-21.

• "Charmed by China". Business Because. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "The Denver MBA".

• "Lincoln Electric Co". Harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Google Inc". Harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Chapter 1.2. A Model for Strategic Planning, Analyzing Cases and Decision Making". Mbatoolbox.org. 2006-02-22. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• Yumlembam, Dayananda. "MICA innovation to help Harvard business school sharpen teaching tools". Times of India. TNN. Retrieved 9 November 2015. When Harvard Business School was started, its faculty members realized that there were no textbooks suitable to a graduate program in business. That was when they decided to use case studies which are detailed accounts of innovative methods and practices that managers follow.

• Kolowich, Steve (29 June 2012). "Online Learning and Liberal Arts Colleges". Inside Highered. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• "Bisk Education". bisk.com.

• "Liberal arts college explore uses of 'blended' online learning - InsideHigherEd.com". insidehighered.com.

• J. Scott Armstrong (2012). "Natural Learning in Higher Education". Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning.

• Schreuder, Hein, Jeannet, Jean-Pierre. From Coal to Biotech The Transformation of DSM with Business School Support. ISBN 9783662462997. Retrieved 9 February 2017.

• "Which MBA?". Economist. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• "Eduniversal Rating: Palmes Of Excellence". Eduniversal Ranking. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

• "Best Undergraduate Business Programs | Rankings | US News". Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-26. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Best Business School Rankings | MBA Program Rankings | US News". Grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Business school rankings from the Financial Times - Global MBA Rankings 2012". Rankings.ft.com. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Business Schools". Businessweek. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "Business Schools - MBA Rankings and Executive Education Programs - Wsj.com". Online.wsj.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2012-03-22.

• "From Best Business School to Best MBA Fit for You". Best Match. Retrieved 2014-05-01.

• J. Scott Armstrong (1994). "Learning versus Teaching: Reply to Commentaries" (PDF). Interfaces. 24: 39–43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-27. Retrieved 2012-02-06.

• "Business School Prestige – Research versus Teaching" (PDF). Journal of Marketing. American Marketing Association. 59: 101–106. 1995. [permanent dead link]

• J. Scott Armstrong and Tad Sperry (1994). "Book Reviewed: Peter Robinson, Snapshots from Hell, New York: Warner Books, 1994" (PDF). Interfaces. 24: 13–43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-20.

Texas (/ˈtɛksəs/, locally /ˈtɛksɪz/;[9] Spanish: Texas or Tejas Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtexas] (listen)) is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Geographically located in the South Central region of the country, Texas shares borders with the U.S. states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the southwest, while the Gulf of Mexico is to the southeast.

State of Texas
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Lone Star State
Motto(s): Friendship
State song(s): "Texas, Our Texas"
Official language	No official language (see Languages spoken in Texas)
Spoken languages	Predominantly English; Spanish is spoken by a sizable minority[1]
Demonym	Texan Texian (archaic) Tejano (usually only used for Hispanics)
Capital	Austin
Largest city	Houston
Largest metro	Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex
Area	Ranked 2nd
 • Total	268,581[2] sq mi (696,241 km2)
 • Width	773[3] miles (1,244 km)
 • Length	790 miles (1,270 km)
 • % water	2.5
 • Latitude	25° 50′ N to 36° 30′ N
 • Longitude	93° 31′ W to 106° 39′ W
Population	Ranked 2nd
 • Total	28,701,845 (2018 est.)[4]
 • Density	108/sq mi  (40.6/km2) Ranked 26th
 • Median household income	$59,206[5] (24th)
Elevation
 • Highest point	Guadalupe Peak[6][7][8] 8,751 ft (2667.4 m)
 • Mean	1,700 ft  (520 m)
 • Lowest point	Gulf of Mexico[7] Sea level
Before statehood	Republic of Texas
Admitted to the Union	December 29, 1845 (28th)
Governor	Greg Abbott (R)
Lieutenant Governor	Dan Patrick (R)
Legislature	Texas Legislature
 • Upper house	Senate
 • Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	John Cornyn (R) Ted Cruz (R)
U.S. House delegation	23 Republicans 13 Democrats (list)
Time zones	Â
 • Majority of state	Central: UTC −6/−5
 • El Paso, Hudspeth, and northwestern Culberson counties	Mountain: UTC −7/−6
ISO 3166	US-TX
Abbreviations	TX, Tex.
Website	texas.gov

Texas state symbols
The Flag of Texas
The Seal of Texas
Living insignia
Bird	Northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos)
Fish	Guadalupe bass (Micropterus treculii)
Flower	Bluebonnet (Lupinus spp., namely Texas bluebonnet, L. texensis)
Insect	Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus)
Mammal	Texas longhorn, nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)
Reptile	Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum)
Tree	Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)
Inanimate insignia
Food	Chili
Instrument	Guitar
Shell	Lightning whelk (Busycon perversum pulleyi)
Ship	USS Texas
Slogan	The Friendly State
Soil	Houston Black
Sport	Rodeo
Other	Molecule: Buckyball (For more, see article)
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2004
Lists of United States state symbols

Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S., while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas–Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country, respectively. Other major cities include Austin, the second-most populous state capital in the U.S., and El Paso. Texas is nicknamed "The Lone Star State" to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico. The "Lone Star" can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texan state seal.[10] The origin of Texas's name is from the word taysha, which means "friends" in the Caddo language.[11]

Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions.[12] Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts, less than 10% of Texas's land area is desert.[13] Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests, and the coastline. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend.

The term "six flags over Texas"[note 1] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas. France held a short-lived colony. Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845,[14] Texas joined the union as the 28th state. The state's annexation set off a chain of events that led to the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U.S. in early 1861, and officially joined the Confederate States of America on March 2nd of the same year. After the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation.

Historically four major industries shaped the Texas economy prior to World War II: cattle and bison, cotton, timber, and oil.[15] Before and after the U.S. Civil War the cattle industry, which Texas came to dominate, was a major economic driver for the state, thus creating the traditional image of the Texas cowboy. In the later 19th century cotton and lumber grew to be major industries as the cattle industry became less lucrative. It was ultimately, though, the discovery of major petroleum deposits (Spindletop in particular) that initiated an economic boom which became the driving force behind the economy for much of the 20th century. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy and high tech industry in the mid-20th century. As of 2015, it is second on the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with 54.[16] With a growing base of industry, the state leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace, and biomedical sciences. Texas has led the U.S. in state export revenue since 2002, and has the second-highest gross state product. If Texas were a sovereign state, it would be the 10th largest economy in the world.

As of 2017, Texas had a gross state product (GSP) of $1.696 trillion, the second highest in the U.S.[167] Its GSP is greater than the GDPs of Canada, South Korea, Russia and Australia, which are the world's 10th-, 11th-, 12th- and 13th-largest economies, respectively.[168] Texas's economy is the fourth-largest of any country subdivision globally, behind England (as part of the UK), California, and Japan's Kant� region. Its per capita personal income in 2009 was $36,484, ranking 29th in the nation.[169]

A geomap depicting the income, by county, in Texas as of 2014

Texas's large population, abundance of natural resources, thriving cities and leading centers of higher education have contributed to a large and diverse economy. Since oil was discovered, the state's economy has reflected the state of the petroleum industry. In recent times, urban centers of the state have increased in size, containing two-thirds of the population in 2005. The state's economic growth has led to urban sprawl and its associated symptoms.[169]

As of April 2013, the state's unemployment rate is 6.4 percent.[170]

In 2010, Site Selection Magazine ranked Texas as the most business-friendly state in the nation, in part because of the state's three-billion-dollar Texas Enterprise Fund.[171] Texas has the joint-highest number of Fortune 500 company headquarters in the United States, along with California.[172][173]

In 2010, there were 346,000 millionaires in Texas, constituting the second-largest population of millionaires in the nation.[174][175]

The second president of the Republic of Texas, Mirabeau B. Lamar, is the Father of Texas Education. During his term, the state set aside three leagues of land in each county for equipping public schools. An additional 50 leagues of land set aside for the support of two universities would later become the basis of the state's Permanent University Fund.[270] Lamar's actions set the foundation for a Texas-wide public school system.[271] Between 2006 and 2007, Texas spent $7,275 per pupil ranking it below the national average of $9,389. The pupil/teacher ratio was 14.9, below the national average of 15.3. Texas paid instructors $41,744, below the national average of $46,593. The Texas Education Agency (TEA) administers the state's public school systems. Texas has over 1,000 school districts; all districts except the Stafford Municipal School District are independent from municipal government and many cross city boundaries.[272] School districts have the power to tax their residents and to assert eminent domain over privately owned property. Due to court-mandated equitable school financing for school districts, the state has a controversial tax redistribution system called the "Robin Hood plan". This plan transfers property tax revenue from wealthy school districts to poor ones.[273] The TEA has no authority over private or home school activities.[274]

Students in Texas take the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) in primary and secondary school. STAAR assess students' attainment of reading, writing, mathematics, science, and social studies skills required under Texas education standards and the No Child Left Behind Act. The test replaced the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) test in the 2011–2012 school year.[275]

Although unusual in the West, school corporal punishment is not uncommon in more conservative areas of the state, with 28,569 public school students[276] paddled at least one time, according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year.[277] The rate of school corporal punishment in Texas is surpassed only by Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas.[277]

The state's two most widely recognized flagship universities are The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University, ranked as the 52nd[278] and 69th[279] best universities in the nation according to the 2014 edition of U.S. News & World Report's "Best Colleges", respectively. Some observers[280] also include the University of Houston and Texas Tech University as tier one flagships alongside UT Austin and A&M.[281][282] The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) ranks the state's public universities into three distinct tiers:[283]

• National Research Universities (Tier 1)[284][285]
  • The University of Texas at Austin
  • Texas A&M University
  • Texas Tech University
  • University of Houston
  • The University of Texas at Arlington
  • The University of Texas at Dallas
  • The University of North Texas
  • The University of Texas at El Paso
• Emerging Research Universities (Tier 2)[283]
  • The University of Texas at San Antonio
  • Texas State University
• Comprehensive Universities (Tier 3)[283]
  • All other public universities (25 in total)

Texas's controversial alternative affirmative action plan, Texas House Bill 588, guarantees Texas students who graduated in the top 10 percent of their high school class automatic admission to state-funded universities. The bill encourages demographic diversity while avoiding problems stemming from the Hopwood v. Texas (1996) case.

Texas A&M University

Thirty-six (36) separate and distinct public universities exist in Texas, of which 32 belong to one of the six state university systems.[286][287] Discovery of minerals on Permanent University Fund land, particularly oil, has helped fund the rapid growth of the state's two largest university systems: the University of Texas System and the Texas A&M System. The four other university systems: the University of Houston System, the University of North Texas System, the Texas State System, and the Texas Tech System are not funded by the Permanent University Fund.

University of Houston

The Carnegie Foundation classifies three of Texas's universities as Tier One research institutions: The University of Texas at Austin, the Texas A&M University, and the University of Houston. The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University are flagship universities of the state of Texas. Both were established by the Texas Constitution and hold stakes in the Permanent University Fund. The state has been putting effort to expand the number of flagship universities by elevating some of its seven institutions designated as "emerging research universities". The two expected to emerge first are the University of Houston and Texas Tech University, likely in that order according to discussions on the House floor of the 82nd Texas Legislature.[288]

Rice University

The state is home to various private institutions of higher learning—ranging from liberal arts colleges to a nationally recognized top-tier research university. Rice University in Houston is one of the leading teaching and research universities of the United States and is ranked the nation's 17th-best overall university by U.S. News & World Report.[289] Trinity University, a private, primarily undergraduate liberal arts university in San Antonio, has ranked first among universities granting primarily bachelor's and select master's degrees in the Western United States for 20 consecutive years by U.S. News.[290] Private universities include Austin College, Baylor University, University of Mary Hardin–Baylor, and Southwestern University.[291][292][293]

Universities in Texas host three presidential libraries: George Bush Presidential Library at Texas A&M University, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum at The University of Texas at Austin, and the George W. Bush Presidential Library at Southern Methodist University.

• Texas—Languages. MLA. Retrieved April 15, 2010.

• Plocheck, Robert. Facts. Texas Almanac (2010–2011 ed.). Archived from the original on January 29, 2013.

• Environment. Texas Almanac. 2008. Retrieved July 3, 2018.

• "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. January 4, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019.

• "Median Annual Household Income". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved December 9, 2016.

• "El Capitan". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved October 20, 2011.

• "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2011.

• Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.

• Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. p. 551. ISBN 0-52128541-0 .

• "Introduction to Texas". Netstate.com. Retrieved April 11, 2010.

• Hanson-Harding, Alexandra (2001). Texas. Children's Press. ISBN 978-0-516-22322-3.

• Sansom, Andrew (2008). Water in Texas: An Introduction. University of Texas Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-292-71809-8.

• Dingus, Anne (1987). The dictionary of Texas misinformation. Texas Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-87719-089-9.

• "Resolutions" (PDF). Twenty-ninth Congress. 1845.

• Ramos, Mary G.; Reavis, Dick J. (2004). Texas. Fodor's Travel Publications. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-676-90502-1.

• Hackett, Robert (June 15, 2015). "States with the most Fortune 500 companies". Fortune. Time Inc.

• José Arlegui, Chronica de la provincia de N.S.P.S. Francisco de Zacatecas Front Cover (1737), p. 53.

• Davis, Lucile (2003). Caddo of Texas. Rosen Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 9780823964352.

• William Bright, Native American Placenames of the United States, University of Oklahoma Press (2004), p. 491.

• Weber, David J. (1992), The Spanish Frontier in North America, Yale Western Americana Series, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, p. 154.

• Oakah L. Jones, Los Paisanos: Spanish Settlers on the Northern Frontier of New Spain, University of Oklahoma Press (1996), p. 277, citing a document dated 5 November, 1730.

• Joseph de Laporte, El viagero universal: Ó, Noticia del mundo antiguo y nuevo vol. 27 (1799), p. 114.

• Teja, Jesús de la (June 15, 2010). "New Philippines". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Texas. Grafía recomendada para el nombre de este estado norteamericano. Su pronunciación correcta es [téjas], no [téksas]. Se recomienda escribir asimismo con x el gentilicio correspondiente: texano. Son también válidas las grafías con j (Tejas, tejano), de uso mayoritario en España." Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, Real Academia Española (2005), s.v. Texas.

• Charles Dimitry, "American Geographical Nomenclature", Appletons' Journal' 15 (1876), 758f.

• Griffin, Roger A. (March 21, 2016) [June 12, 2010]. "Compromise of 1850". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Tx Environmental Profiles". Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2006.

• "Rivers in Texas". Tpwd.state.tx.us. November 16, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2010.

• Bybee, Hal P. (June 15, 2010). "Rivers". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Alphabetical List of Texas Lakes". Tpwd.state.tx.us. January 28, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2010.

• Nova Lomax, John (March 3, 2015). "Is Texas Southern, Western, or Truly a Lone Star?". Texas Monthly. Retrieved September 6, 2016.

• Muzzafar, Asif. Timing of Diapir Growth and Cap Rock Formation, Davis Hill Salt Dome, Coastal Texas. GSA Annual Meeting, November 5–8, 2001. The Geological Society of America. Retrieved July 22, 2008.

• "Ogallala Aquifer". North Plains Groundwater Conservation District. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.

• "Earthquakes". Jackson School of Geosciences – University of Texas. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.

• "Texas Wildlife Identification & Viewing Guide". Wildtexas.com. December 3, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2013.

• "Texas Mammals". The Mammals of Texas - Online Edition. Natural Science Research Laboratory - Museum of Texas Tech University. Retrieved April 18, 2013.

• West, Mary Jane (1968). "Range Extension and Solitary nest founding in Polistes Exclamans". Psyche. 75 (2): 118–123. doi:10.1155/1968/49846.

• "El Paso, Texas Travel Weather Averages". Weatherbase. Retrieved April 18, 2013.

• "Mauriceville, Texas Travel Weather Averages". Weatherbase. Retrieved April 18, 2013.

• "History : Weather Underground". Wunderground.com. December 24, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2010.

• "Monthly Averages for Marfa, Texas". The Weather Channel. Retrieved October 15, 2008.

• "Monthly Averages for Galveston, Texas". The Weather Channel. Retrieved October 15, 2008.

• "Texas climate averages". Weatherbase. Retrieved November 10, 2015.

• NOOA.gov Archived April 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved on October 24, 2006.

• Bomar, George W. (June 15, 2010). "Weather". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Blake, Eric S.; Rappaport, Edward N.; Landsea, Christopher W. (April 15, 2007). "The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2006" (PDF). National Weather Service: National Hurricane Center.

• Hicks, Michael; Burton, Mark (September 8, 2017). Hurricane Harvey: Preliminary Estimates of Commercial and Public Sector Damages on the Houston Metropolitan Area (PDF) (Report). Ball State University. Retrieved November 1, 2017.

• Borenstein, Seth (June 4, 2007). "Blame Coal: Texas Leads in Overall Emissions". USA Today. Retrieved June 6, 2007.

• "Texas No. 1 producer of greenhouse gases". The Dallas Morning News. Associated Press. June 3, 2007. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2008.

• "Texas Is No. 1 Carbon Polluter In U.S." CBS News. Associated Press. January 16, 2008.

• "Living, and coughing, downwind of Texas smoke stacks". Raw Story. Agence France-Presse. November 10, 2011.

• Richardson (2005), p. 9.

• Richardson (2005), pp 10–16

• Klos, George (June 15, 2010). "Indians". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Fry, Phillip L. (March 7, 2016) [July 15, 2010]. "Texas, Origin of Name". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Richardson, p 1

• "Texas". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved February 25, 2007.

• Wallace Chafe, p.c.

• Glover, William B. "A History of the Caddo Indians". Reprinted from 'The Louisiana Historical Quarterly'; Vol. 18, No. 4. October 1935

• Swanton, John R. Indians of the Southeastern United States (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1946) p. 139

• Richardson, p 10

• Richardson, Rupert N.; Anderson, Adrian; Wintz, Cary D.; Wallace, Ernest. Texas: the Lone Star State (9th ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 10–16. ISBN 978-0-1318-3550-4.

• Chipman (1992), p. 243; Weber (1992), p. 34

• Chipman, Donald E. (August 3, 2017) [June 12, 2010]. "Ã�lvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Chipman, Donald E. (January 23, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "Spanish Texas". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "The Journey of Alvar NuÅ„ez Cabeza de Vaca". American Journeys. Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012.

• Davidson, James West; Lytle, Mark H (2010). "Chapter 1". After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection. Volume 1 (6th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-0733-8548-8.

• Winship, George Parker, ed. (1904). The Journey of Coronado, 1540–1542. New York: A.S. Barnes & Company. pp. 210–211.

• Weber (1992), p. 149.

• Chipman (1992), p. 83.

• Chipman (1992), p. 89.

• Weber (1992), p. 155.

• Chipman (1992), pp. 111–112; Weber (1992), p. 160

• Weber (1992), p. 163.

• Bolton, Herbert Eugene (1915). Texas in the Middle 18th Century. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. facing p. 382.

• Chipman (1992), p. 205.

• Weber (1992), p. 193.

• Weber (1992), p. 189.

• Weddle (1995), p. 163.

• Weddle (1995), p. 164; Chipman (1992), p. 200

• Chipman (1992), p. 202.

• Weber (1992), pp. 291–299.

• Davis (2006), p. 46.

• Weber (1992), p. 300.

• Manchaca (2001), p. 162.

• Manchaca (2001), p. 164.

• Manchaca (2001), p. 198.

• Manchaca (2001), pp. 198-199.

• Edmondson (2000), p. 75.

• Manchaca (2001), p. 172, 201.

• http://www.publishinghau5.com/The-History-of-Texas-page-9.php[permanent dead link]

• Edmondson (2000), p. 78.

• Davis (2006), p. 77.

• Davis (2006), p. 85.

• Davis (2006), pp. 86–89.

• Davis (2006), p. 92.

• Steen, Ralph W. (June 12, 2010). "Convention of 1833". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Huson, Hobart (1974). Captain Phillip Dimmitt's Commandancy of Goliad, 1835–1836: An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas, Usually Referred to as the Texian Revolution. Austin, Texas: Von Boeckmann-Jones Co. p. 4.

• Hardin (1994), p. 12.

• Barr (1990), p. 64.[full citation needed]

• Winders (2004), p. 72.

• Winders (2004), pp. 90, 92Hardin (1994), p. 109

• Hardin (1994), p. 102.

• Roell, Craig H. (July 12, 2016) [June 12, 2010]. "Coleto, Battle of". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Todish, Todish & Spring (1998), p. 68.

• Roberts and Olson (2001), p. 144.

• Todish, Todish & Spring (1998), p. 69.

• Todish, Todish & Spring (1998), p. 70.

• "The Archives War". Texas Treasures- The Republic. The Texas State Library and Archives Commission. November 2, 2005. Retrieved January 3, 2009.

• Calvert, Robert A.; León, Arnoldo De; Cantrell, Gregg (2002). The History of Texas. Harlan Davidson. ISBN 978-0-88295-966-5.

• Winders, Richard Bruce (2002). Crisis in the Southwest: The United States, Mexico, and the Struggle Over Texas. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8420-2801-1.

• Buescher, John. "Senatorial Division", Teachinghistory.org, accessed August 21, 2011. Archived July 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine

• Neu, C. T. (December 2, 2015) [June 9, 2010]. "Annexation". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Bauer, K. Jack (March 28, 2016) [June 15, 2010]. "Mexican War". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Britton, Karen Gerhardt; Elliott, Fred C.; Miller, E. A. (June 12, 2010). "Cotton Culture". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Schulte, Susan (December 9, 2010). "Visualizing Slavery: A Map of Slavery Interactive Feature". The New York Times.

• Dulaney, W. Marvin (July 25, 2016) [June 9, 2010]. "African Americans". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Buenger, Walter L. (March 8, 2011) [June 15, 2010]. "Secession Convention". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Kreneck, Thomas H. (March 30, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "Houston, Samuel". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Wooster, Ralph A. (January 30, 2017) [June 12, 2010]. "Civil War". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Federal Writers' Project (December 1997). Texas, A Guide to the Lone Star State: Brownsville. Native American Books Distributor. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-403-02192-5.

• Hunt, Jeffrey William (April 4, 2016) [June 15, 2010]. "Palmito Ranch, Battle of". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Historical Barriers to Voting". Texas Politics. University of Texas. Archived from the original on April 2, 2008. Retrieved October 13, 2008.

• Acosta, Teresa Palomo (October 6, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "Juneteenth". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Johnson, Andrew (August 20, 1866). Proclamation Declaring the Insurrection at an End. American Historical Documents. President of the United States. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• Moneyhon, Carl H. (January 30, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "Restoration". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Wooster, Robert; Sanders, Christine Moor (July 26, 2016) [June 15, 2010]. "Spindletop Oilfield". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Olien, Roger M. (August 19, 2016) [June 15, 2010]. "Oil and Gas Industry". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Nixon v. Condon. Disfranchisement of the Negro in Texas". The Yale Law Journal. 41 (8): 1212. June 1932. doi:10.2307/791091. JSTOR 791091.

• "Texas Politics: Historical Barriers to Voting". University of Texas at Austin. 2006. Archived from the original on April 2, 2008.

• Alwyn, Barr (June 15, 2010). "Socialist Party". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Jillson, Cal (2011). Texas Politics: Governing the Lone Star State. Taylor & Francis. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-203-82941-7.

• Lee, James Ward; Barnes, Carolyn N.; Bowman, Kent Adam (1991). 1941: Texas Goes to War. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-929398-29-7.

• Fairchild, Louis (2012). They Called It the War Effort: Oral Histories from World War II Orange, Texas (second ed.). Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0-87611-259-5.

• Peck, Merton J.; Scherer, Frederic M. (1962). The weapons acquisition process: an economic analysis. Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University. p. 111.

• Blanton, Carlos Kevin (2005). "The Campus and the Capitol: John B. Connally and the Struggle over Texas Higher Education Policy, 1950–1970". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 108 (4): 468–497. ISSN 0038-478X.

• Greenberg, Bradley S.; Parker, Edwin B. (1965). The Kennedy Assassination and the American Public: Social Communication in Crisis. Stanford University Press. p. 187.

• Calvert, Robert A. (January 30, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "Texas Since World War II". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Bill of Rights (Article 1)". Texas Politics. University of Texas. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2008.

• "The Plural Executive". Texas Politics. University of Texas. 2005. Archived from the original on September 28, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2008.

• "Membership". Texas Politics. University of Texas. 2005. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2008.

• "Special Sessions". Texas Politics. University of Texas. 2005. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2008.

• Womack, Paul (June 15, 2010). "Judiciary". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Procter, Ben H. (February 8, 2018) [June 15, 2010]. "Texas Rangers". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• African-American Pioneers of Texas: From the Old West to the New Frontiers (Teacher's Manual) (PDF). Museum of Texas Tech University: Education Division. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2007.

• "Political Parties". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association. June 15, 2010.

• Risen, Clay (March 5, 2006). "How the South was won". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 29, 2008.

• "History of Texas Voters". NewsChannel10. KFDA-TV. November 8, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2016.

• "How Texas Became a "Red" State". Frontline. PBS. April 12, 2005. Retrieved December 16, 2016.

• "The Texas Gerrymander". The New York Times. March 1, 2006.

• Ridder, Knight (July 29, 2003). "11 Texas Senate Democrats Take Cue from House, Bolt to Avoid Redistricting". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved January 7, 2009. [dead link]

• "Justices Back Most G.O.P. Changes to Texas Districts". The New York Times. The Associated Press. June 28, 2006.

• Fernandez, Manny (May 27, 2014). "Lieutenant Governor Loses Texas Runoff as Tea Party Holds Sway". The New York Times.

• Koppel, Nathan (January 21, 2015). "Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick Moves Quickly to Advance Conservative Agenda". The Wall Street Journal.

• Grissom, Brandi (May 28, 2014). "Tea Party Conservatives Win Top GOP Runoff Contests". The Texas Tribune.

• Fernandez, Manny (January 20, 2015). "Texas' New Governor Echoes the Plans of Perry". The New York Times.

• "Texas Political Culture – Introduction". Texas Politics. University of Texas. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.

• "Texas Political Culture – Low Taxes, Low Services Political Culture". Texas Politics. University of Texas. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2008.

• "2000 Presidential General Election Results – Texas". US Election Atlas. Retrieved July 22, 2008.

• "2004 Presidential General Election Results – Texas". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved July 22, 2007.

• "Race Summary Report, 2016 General Election". Texas Secretary of State. Retrieved December 1, 2016.

• McDonald, John V. (August 2000). An Analysis of Texas' Municipal Home Rule Charters Since 1994" (Thesis). Texas State University.

• "Run for Party Nomination to Public Office". Texas Politics. University of Texas. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2008.

• "Texas executes 500th person since resuming death penalty". BBC News. June 27, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2013.

• Sabol, William J.; West, Heather C.; Cooper, Matthew (December 2009). "Prisoners in 2008" (PDF). Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin.

• "TEX PE. CODE ANN. § 9.42 : Texas Statutes – Section 9.42: DEADLY FORCE TO PROTECT PROPERTY". Codes.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved July 8, 2013.

• [1]

• http://www.aei.org/publication/putting-americas-enormous-19-4t-economy-into-perspective-by-comparing-us-state-gdps-to-entire-countries

• "Economic Geography". Texas Politics. University of Texas. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2008.

• "Local Area Unemployment Statistics". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved September 7, 2011.

• "Site Selection Rankings". Retrieved October 10, 2011.

• "Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies". FORTUNE on CNNMoney.com. CNN. May 3, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2011.

• "Fortune 500 2010: States: California Companies". FORTUNE on CNNMoney.com. CNN. May 3, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2011.

• Second to California

• Scott, Walter (May 2, 2010). "Personality Parade". Parade Magazine. p. 2.

• "Texas". Research Areas. The Tax Foundation. 2010. Retrieved October 15, 2010.

• "State Individual Income Taxes". Federation of Tax Administrators. Archived from the original on October 3, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2008.

• "Why does Texas (Taxus) have the highest property taxes and 3rd highest sales tax?". Alltaxtips.com. May 9, 2011. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2011.

• "FAQ: Texas Sales Tax". Window.state.tx.us. Retrieved January 10, 2011.

• Story, Louise (December 1, 2012). "Lines Blur as Texas Gives Industries a Bonanza". The New York Times.

• "UNITED STATES OF SUBSIDIES, Texas". The New York Times. December 1, 2012.

• "The Texas Economy". netstate.com. June 5, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2008.

• Electronic Municipal Market Access (2013). "Appendix A" (PDF). The State of Texas. Washington, D.C.: Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB). Retrieved October 23, 2016.

• "Crop Production: 2014 Summary" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. pp. 48–49. Retrieved July 23, 2015.

• Carmack, Liz (June 21, 2013). "The Legacy of 'King Cotton'". County. Texas Association of Counties. Retrieved July 23, 2015.

• Marsh, Wendell (August 5, 2011). "No relief in sight for Texas heat and drought". Reuters. Retrieved January 13, 2013.

• Ramos, Mary G. "Oil and Texas: A Cultural History". Texas Almanac 2000–2001. The Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved July 3, 2018.

• Alexander Kent (July 28, 2014). "The 10 Most Oil-Rich States". 24/7 Wall Street. Retrieved August 5, 2014.

• Prindle, David F. (June 15, 2010). "Railroad Commission". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Petroleum Profile: Texas". Energy Information Administration. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2008.

• "Texas State Energy Profile: Electricity". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved July 23, 2015. Texas produces more electricity than any other state, generating almost twice as much as the next largest generating state.

• "Electricity Data Browser: Net generation from electricity plants for all fuels, annual". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved July 23, 2015.

• Souder, Elizabeth (January 2008). "Texas leads nation in wind power capacity". The Dallas Morning News.

• Clark, Stacy (December 6, 2017). "Hold Onto Your Bonnets! Breezes and Sunshine to Power Georgetown, TX". Huffington Post.

• O'Grady, Eileen (October 1, 2009). "E.ON completes world's largest wind farm in Texas". Reuters. Retrieved August 26, 2010.

• "Locations". Lockheed Martin. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2008.

• "About Bell Helicopter". Bell Helicopter. Retrieved May 22, 2008.

• Rosenwald, Michael S. (December 17, 2007). "Downside of Dominance?". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2008.

• "Texas". Fortune Magazine. April 30, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2008.

• "Dallas Shopping". Dallas Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved June 26, 2016.

• "Recent Economic Transformations". Texas Politics. University of Texas. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2008.

• Resident Population Data. "Resident Population Data – 2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2012.

• "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018". U.S. Census Bureau. January 4, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019.

• Roberson, Jason (December 4, 2007). "Politics, poverty, immigration entangle Texas health care". The Dallas Morning News.

• Slevin, Peter (April 30, 2010). "New Arizona law puts police in 'tenuous' spot". Washington Post. pp. A4.

• behind Nevada, Arizona, California, and New Jersey

• Jones, Susan (February 23, 2015). "Texas Governor: Since Jan. 1, 'We Have Had More Than 20,000 People Come Across the Border'". CNS News. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
  "Face the Nation Transcripts February 22, 2015: Johnson, Abbott, McCain". CBS News. February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.

• Hennessy-Fiske, Molly; Carcamo, Cindy (June 16, 2014). "In Texas' Rio Grande Valley, a seemingly endless surge of immigrants". Los Angeles Times.

• Miroff, Nick; Partlow, Joshua (June 12, 2014). "Central American migrants overwhelm Border Patrol station in Texas". Washington Post.

• Salamon, Jeff (November 2010). "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Illegal Immigration (But Didn't Know Who to Ask)". Texas Monthly.

• Krogstad, Jens Manuel; Passel, Jeffrey S.; Cohn, D’Vera (April 27, 2017). "Fact Tank - Our Lives in Numbers: 5 facts about illegal immigration in the U.S." Pew Research Center.

• Estimates of the Population by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity for July 1, 2015 for State of Texas. Texas Demographic Center, U.S. Bureau of the Census State Data Center Program (PDF), July 15, 2015, retrieved June 8, 2017

• Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder – Results". census.gov.

• "US Census Bureau: Table QT-P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010". Factfinder2.census.gov. October 5, 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer.

• "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• Population of Texas: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts[dead link]

• 2010 Census Data. "2010 Census Data". Census.gov. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• "Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3" (PDF). Retrieved July 8, 2013.

• Lieberson, Stanley & Waters, Mary C. (1986). "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 487 (79): 82–86. doi:10.1177/0002716286487001004.

• Fischer, David Hackett (1989). Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 633–639. ISBN 978-0-19-503794-4.

• "Czech language" (PDF). U.S. English. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2013.

• "Texas – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006–2008". Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved January 10, 2011.

• "Texas – Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2006–2008". Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved January 10, 2011.

• Frey, William H. (May 2004). The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000 (Report). The Brookings Institution. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 28, 2008.

• Castillo, Juan (November 17, 2011). "Hispanics make up nearly half of all Texas births in 2010, U.S. says". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2011.

• Jervis, Rick (February 23, 2011). "Majority of Texas' population growth is Hispanic". USA Today.

• "Texas Adolescent Reproductive Health Facts". US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• "100 Largest Cities by Decade". U.S. Bureau of the Census. June 15, 1998.

• Fehrenbach, T. R. (March 30, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "San Antonio, TX". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• McComb, David G. (May 5, 2016) [June 15, 2010]. "Galveston, TX". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• McComb, David G. (February 15, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "Houston, TX". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2006 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006" (CSV). 2005 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. June 10, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2008. [dead link]

• Neuman, Michael. "The Texas Urban Triangle: Framework for Future Growth". Southwest Region University Transportation Center (SWUTC). Archived from the original on July 5, 2009. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

• "GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Retrieved March 1, 2009.

• Hellmann, Paul T. (February 14, 2006). "Georgia". Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Routledge. ISBN 978-1135948597. Retrieved February 16, 2017.

• Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Office of Community Affairs. "Colonias FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions)". Texas Secretary of State. Archived from the original on October 9, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2008.

• Grinberg, Emmanuella. "Impoverished border town grows from shacks into community". CNN. July 8, 2011. Retrieved on July 9, 2011.

• Brinkhoff, Thomas (February 19, 2011). "Texas (USA): State, Major Cities, Towns & Places". City Population. Retrieved May 28, 2012.

• "Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Texan". PBS. November 29, 2003. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• "Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Texan . Drawl". PBS. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• Kirstin Squint, A Linguistic and Cultural Comparison of Haitian Creole and Louisiana Creole, postcolonial.org, Accessed March 11, 2014

• "Texas". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved August 11, 2013.

• Blatt, Ben. "Tagalog in California, Cherokee in Arkansas: What language does your state speak?". Data source: Census Bureau American Community Survey. Map by Ben Blatt/Slate. Retrieved June 2, 2014.

• Pew Research Center, "Religious Landscape Study: Texas"

• "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". www.thearda.com. Retrieved December 12, 2013.

• Connolly, Ceci (January 21, 2003). "Texas Teaches Abstinence, With Mixed Grades". Washington Post. pp. A01. Archived from the original on October 3, 2005. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "Top 100 Largest Churches in America". SermonCentral.com. April 13, 2009. Retrieved April 11, 2010.

• "Texas Online: Muslim growth adds to Texas diversity". Texanonline.net. Retrieved May 7, 2012.

• Storey, John Woodrow; Kelley; Mary L. (2008). Twentieth-century Texas: a social and cultural history. University of North Texas Press. p. 145.

• Lindsey, William D.; Silk, Mark: Religion and public life in the southern crossroads: showdown states, Altamira Press, 2004, pg. 48

• "Dallas Museum Lands a Rich Trove of Islamic Art". The New York Times. February 4, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2016.

• "Census Regions and Divisions of the United States" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, 2016.

• Fernandez, Manny (September 14, 2013). "Not to Be, Um, Trifled With, Texas Guards Its Slogans". The New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2013.

• "Texas-sized Hurricane Dean spins toward Yucatan". CNN.com. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008.

• "Floating, Texas-sized garbage patch threatens Pacific marine sanctuary". ars technica. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008.

• "Texas-Sized Supercomputer to Break Computing Power Record". Wired.com. June 26, 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2014.

• "Dems in Texas-sized showdown". ABC News.

• "A Texas-Sized Battle: Evolution vs. ID". CBNnews.com.

• Popik, Barry. "Everything's Bigger in Texas". The Big Apple online etymological dictionary. Retrieved April 7, 2015.

• Brown, Peter Jensen. "Everything is Bigger in Texas – from New York City?". Early Sports 'n' Pop-Culture History. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

• "About Houston Theater District". Houston Theater District. Archived from the original on February 29, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "Dallas Arts District". Dallas Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved May 29, 2008.

• Maxwell, Lisa C. (November 1, 2015) [June 12, 2010]. "Deep Ellum". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Dallas History Items: Deep Ellum". Dallas Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2008.

• "Live Music Capital of the World". City of Austin. Retrieved June 12, 2007.

• Bernardini, Deb. "Television's longest running concert series begins season 33 Tapings with performances by Norah Fones, Wilco, Femi Kuti, Arcade Fire and more" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2008. Retrieved October 15, 2008.

• "About The Texas Talent Musicians Association (TTMA)". Texas Talent Musicians Association. Archived from the original on March 10, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2009.

• "Tejano Music Awards". Texas Talent Musicians Association. 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2008.

• Smyrl, Vivian Elizabeth (June 15, 2010). "Permanent University Fund". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Hendrickson, Kenneth E., Jr. (1995). The Chief of Executives of Texas: From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-89096-641-9.

• "Comptroller Strayhorn to Review Stafford Municipal School District" (Press release). Texas Comptroller Carole Keeton Strayhorn. September 16, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2004. Retrieved June 28, 2008.

• Saghaye-Biria, Hakimeh (April 22, 2001). "Robin Hood Plan is Working". World Internet News Cooperative. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2008.

• "Home School Information Letter". Texas Education Agency. November 1, 2007. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2008.

• Texas Education Agency (October 22, 2007). "End-of-Course (EOC) Assessments: Implementation". Assessment Division. Archived from the original on November 20, 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2007.

• Please note this figure refers to only the number of students paddled, regardless of whether a student was spanked multiple times in a year, and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment, which would be substantially higher.

• Farrell, Colin (February 2016). "Corporal punishment in US schools". World Corporal Punishment Research. Retrieved April 4, 2016.

• "University of Texas—Austin Archived September 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved November 17, 2013.

• "Texas A&M University—College Station Archived September 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved November 17, 2013.

• "UH takes big step up to Tier One status". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 6, 2011.

• Bonnin, Richard. "Carnegie Foundation Gives University of Houston its Highest Classification for Research Success, Elevating UH to Tier One Status". University of Houston. Retrieved February 8, 2011.

• "Texas Tech University has quietly emerged as top-tier institution Archived February 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine". San Angelo Standard-Times. Retrieved November 17, 2013.

• "Tier One/Prop. 4 Archived September 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine". The University of Texas System. Retrieved November 17, 2013.

• "Tech and U. of Houston Qualify for Tier-One Prize Money". Texas Tribune. Retrieved November 17, 2013.

• "UTEP hits major milestone with top-tier research funding status". El Paso Times. Retrieved January 9, 2019.

• Heath, Ben (July 7, 2003). "Bill requires review of university systems" (PDF). Daily Texan. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2007.

• "Senate Subcommittee on Higher Education Testimony Regarding the Benefits of a Stand Alone Institution" (PDF). Sam Houston State University. June 25, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2008.

• "Tier-One Prize Money Tentatively Passes House". Retrieved April 27, 2011.

• "Rice University, Best Colleges 2009". – US News and World Report. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.

• "Trinity University". Best Colleges 2011 – US News and World Report. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2012.

• "About Baylor". Baylor University. Retrieved May 21, 2008.

• "Southwestern History". Southwestern University. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. Retrieved October 12, 2008.

• "History". Austin College. Retrieved June 9, 2015.

• "Explore Health Measures in Texas | 2017 Annual Report". America's Health Rankings. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

• Texas Department of State Health Services (2006). "Strategic Plan for the Prevention of Obesity in Texas 2005-2010".

• Services, Texas Department of State Health. "Obesity Data". dshs.texas.gov. Retrieved October 21, 2018.

• "Explore Obesity in Texas | 2017 Annual Report". America's Health Rankings. Retrieved October 21, 2018.

• "State Briefs". The State of Obesity. Retrieved October 21, 2018.

• Combs, Susan (2014). "The Hefty Price of Obesity in Texas". Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts.

• Texas Department of State Health Services (2006). "Strategic Plan for the Prevention of Obesity in Texas 2005-2010".

• Texas Department of State Health Services (2006). "Strategic Plan for the Prevention of Obesity in Texas 2005-2010".

• Golan, Moria; Kaufman, Vered; Shahar, Danit R. (May 2006). "Childhood obesity treatment: targeting parents exclusively v. parents and children". British Journal of Nutrition. 95 (5): 1008–1015. doi:10.1079/BJN20061757. ISSN 1475-2662.

• Texas Department of State Health Services (2006). "Strategic Plan for the Prevention of Obesity in Texas 2005-2010".

• Waseem, Talat; Mogensen, Kris M.; Lautz, David B.; Robinson, Malcolm K. (October 2007). "Pathophysiology of Obesity: Why Surgery Remains the Most Effective Treatment". Obesity Surgery. 17 (10): 1389–1398. doi:10.1007/s11695-007-9220-1. ISSN 0960-8923. PMID 18000735.

• Kumanyika, S; Jeffery, RW; Morabia, A; Ritenbaugh, C; Antipatis, VJ (March 2002). "Obesity prevention: the case for action". International Journal of Obesity. 26 (3): 425–436. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801938. ISSN 0307-0565.

• Bleich, Sara N.; Thorpe, Roland J.; Sharif-Harris, Hamidah; Fesahazion, Ruth; LaVeist, Thomas A. (May 1, 2010). "Social context explains race disparities in obesity among women". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 64 (5): 465–469. doi:10.1136/jech.2009.096297. ISSN 0143-005X. PMID 20445215.

• Texas Department of State Health Services (2006). "Strategic Plan for the Prevention of Obesity in Texas 2005-2010".

• Texas Department of State Health Services. "Obesity Prevention Program".

• Maxwell, Jane (June 2014). "Substance Abuse Trends in Texas: June 2014". Community Epidemiology Workgroup at UT Austin.

• "Explore Binge Drinking in TX) | 2017 Annual Report". America's Health Rankings. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

• "The Effects of Alcohol Use - DrugAbuse.com". drugabuse.com. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

• "Youth Online: High School YRBS - Texas 2017 Results | DASH | CDC". nccd.cdc.gov. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

• "Take Action - Texas | MADD". MADD. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

• Redden, Molly (August 20, 2016). "Texas has highest maternal mortality rate in developed world, study finds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved December 23, 2016.

• "Peristats | March of Dimes". www.marchofdimes.org. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• "Birth Rate per 1,000 Women Ages 15-44". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. June 1, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• "Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Task Force". Texas Department of State Health Services. 2018.

• "What causes infant mortality?". http://www.nichd.nih.gov/. Retrieved October 20, 2018. External link in |website= (help)

• "Explore Infant Mortality in TX) | 2017 Annual Report". America's Health Rankings. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• "Infant Mortality Rates in Texas". UT System Population Health. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• Kormondy, M. (2017). "2017 Healthy Texas Babies Data Book". Texas Department of State Health Services.

• Callaghan, W. M. (2006). "The Contribution of Preterm Birth to Infant Mortality Rates in United States". Pediatrics. 118.

• Kormondy, M. (2017). "2017 Healthy Texas Babies Data Book". Texas Department of State Health Services.

• "Texas". State Data. Trust for America's Health. 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

• "Premature Labor - American Pregnancy Association". American Pregnancy Association. April 26, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• Kormondy, M. (2017). "2017 Healthy Texas Babies Data Book". Texas Department of State Health Services.

• "Prenatal care | Womenshealth.gov". womenshealth.gov. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• "Content - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center". www.urmc.rochester.edu. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• "Preterm labor and premature birth: Are you at risk?". Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• Kormondy, M. (2017). "2017 Healthy Texas Babies Data Book". Texas Department of State Health Services.

• Nepal, Vishnu P.; Banerjee, Deborah; Perry, Mark (October 27, 2010). "Prenatal Care Barriers in an Inner-city Neighborhood of Houston, Texas". Journal of Primary Care & Community Health. 2 (1): 33–36. doi:10.1177/2150131910385944. ISSN 2150-1319.

• Steering Committee for Reducing Maternal Mortality (2018). "Improving Maternal Health in Harris County" (PDF).

• "National Immunization Survey (NIS)". 2018.

• "Completion and compliance of childhood vaccinations in the United States". Vaccine. 34 (3): 387–394. January 12, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.011. ISSN 0264-410X.

• Services, Texas Department of State Health. "IMMTRAC". www.dshs.texas.gov. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

• https://www.immunizeusa.org/media/28805/83rd-Legislative-Session-Summary_TIP.pdf

• "Texas Administrative Code". texreg.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

• "Texas Medical Schools and Hospitals". Texas Medical Association. August 3, 2006. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "Dental Schools in the United States". Dentist.net. Retrieved October 31, 2008.

• "Accreditation Council on Optometric Education". American Optometric Association. Retrieved December 26, 2011.

• "University Selects Bioscrypt for Biosafety Level 4 Lab". Bioscrypt. October 14, 2004. Archived from the original on November 17, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2006.

• "Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) Laboratory". Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2006.

• "About the Texas Medical Center". The Texas Medical Center. Archived from the original on August 10, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2009.

• "Background Statistics > People and Politics (most recent) by state". State Master. May 8, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2008.

• "About MD Anderson". The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "Health Science Center ranks sixth in clinical medicine". XL (7 ed.). University of Texas Health Science Center. April 3, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "International report gives Dental School high marks". HSC NEWS. Retrieved May 15, 2008.

• "Medical center's research ranks high". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved May 15, 2008. [dead link]

• "About UT Southwestern". University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "UT Southwestern Fact Sheet" (PDF). University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "America's Fittest Cities 2007". Men's Health. 2008. Archived from the original on March 13, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.

• Statemaster.com, Accessed May 16, 2007

• Perotin, Maria M. (June 13, 2007). "Texas is Near Bottom of Healthcare Rankings". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved April 22, 2008. [permanent dead link]

• "Code Red: The Critical Condition of Health in Texas". Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• Moreno, Megan A. (July 1, 2011). "Media Influence on Adolescent Alcohol Use". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 165 (7): 680. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.121. ISSN 1072-4710.

• "Aviation Division". Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2009.

• "Transportation Division". Texas Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2008.

• "5 Reasons To Choose the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex As A Distribution Hub" (PDF). JDF Distribution. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

• "Texas and General Foreign Trade Zones Information" (PDF). Office of the Governor of Texas. August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2008.

• "Interstate 45 South, the Gulf Freeway". TexasFreeway.com. May 28, 2001. Retrieved October 15, 2008.

• "LoneStarRoads – Highways of Texas". AARoads. February 9, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.

• "Global List of Toll Facilities – United States". International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association. 2005. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2008.

• Owens, Owens; Sunseri, Gina (October 24, 2012). "Speeding Through Texas: Going 85 MPH on the Nation's Fastest Highway". ABCNews.com. Retrieved October 28, 2012.

• "Facts about DFW". Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Archived from the original on September 12, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

• Jennifer LeClaire. "10 Great Places for Aviation and Aerospace". Southern Business and Development. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• "Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport". USAToday. Archived from the original on June 30, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

• Investor Relations. "American Airlines | Investor Relations | News Release". Phx.corporate-ir.net. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• International Air Transport Association. "Scheduled Passengers Carried". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.

• "We Weren't Just Airborne Yesterday". Southwest Airlines. May 2, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2007.

• "United Continental Holdings, Inc. – Investor Relations – News". Ir.unitedcontinentalholdings.com. January 8, 2014. Archived from the original on March 18, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

• Based on the industry-standard measure of revenue passenger-kilometers/miles flown.

• "About George Bush Intercontinental Airport". Houston Airport System. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2008.

• "Houston Emerges As The Premier Gateway In The U.S. For Travelers To Mexico" (Press release). Houston Airport System. April 12, 2005. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved December 30, 2006.

• "About Texas Ports". Texas Ports Association. Retrieved May 7, 2008.

• "Benefits of Texas Ports". Texas Ports Association. Retrieved May 7, 2008.

• "General Information". The Port of Houston Authority. March 31, 2008. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2008.

• "Welcome to the Houston-Galveston Navigation Channel Project Online Resource Center" (description), United States Army Corps of Engineers, December 2005, United States Army Corps of Engineers Archived January 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine

• Werner, George C. (June 12, 2010). "Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• Hofsommer, Donovan L. (June 15, 2010). "Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.

• "Former Rail Division". Texas Railroad Commission. October 1, 2005. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2008.

• Myerson, Allen R. (June 14, 1996). "Dallas Opening Southwest's First Rail Transit". New York Times. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2008.

• "Trinity Railroad Express". Retrieved June 11, 2008.

• "TEXRail to begin service Thursday after delay due to government shutdown". WFAA. January 4, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2019.

• "DART inMotion 2011". Retrieved April 10, 2019.

• Brady, Erik (April 4, 2003). "Football still king, but hoops teams in Texas grab attention". USA TODAY. Retrieved April 11, 2008.

• Davis, Brian (October 7, 2005). "UT-OU : Best Rivalry?". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2006.

• "University Interscholastic League". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved September 28, 2008.

• "View Atlas Data". Atlas.thc.state.tx.us. Retrieved April 11, 2010.

• "Houston Rodeo Tickets". Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo. 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.

• "Fair Park, Texas". City of Dallas. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2008.

        School Description

Choose the education that's right for YOU!               

Code	Concentration	More Info
MBA	Master of Business Administration
School: University of Phoenix Program: The Master of Business Administration program is designed to enhance the management skills students need to function effectively within an organization. Students will create and defend their solutions to problems of crisis management, profitable growth opportunities, and change leadership. Throughout the program, students gain experience in distilling a situation into a well-defined problem; applying tools and concepts to analyze a variety of alternative solutions; and selecting and defending their recommended course of action. The Master of Business Administration program at University of Phoenix utilizes problem-based learning where students refine their problem solving skills along with their communication, creativity, information utilization, and critical thinking skills. They are assessed on the basis of their use of the problem solving process (which employs a general rubric) as well as their communication and critical thinking skills during their presentation. Learning teams will apply the principles of benchmarking throughout the program to research the most creative solutions to a problem. This will enrich the alternatives that learners consider in evaluating possible solutions to the problems. The MBA consists of 39 credit hours and includes three proficiency courses (MBA 501, MBA 502, MBA 503) which may be satisfied using an undergraduate business degree, undergraduate coursework or graduate coursework. Students may also waive an additional nine credits using graduate courses and may qualify for a 21-credit hour residency. :: Concentration: Administration :: Campus    ::  Location: Dallas, TX ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
BA/BA	Master of Business Administration
School: University of Phoenix Program: The Master of Business Administration program is designed to enhance the management skills students need to function effectively within an organization. Students will create and defend their solutions to problems of crisis management, profitable growth opportunities, and change leadership. Throughout the program, students gain experience in distilling a situation into a well-defined problem; applying tools and concepts to analyze a variety of alternative solutions; and selecting and defending their recommended course of action. The Master of Business Administration program at University of Phoenix utilizes problem-based learning where students refine their problem solving skills along with their communication, creativity, information utilization, and critical thinking skills. They are assessed on the basis of their use of the problem solving process (which employs a general rubric) as well as their communication and critical thinking skills during their presentation. Learning teams will apply the principles of benchmarking throughout the program to research the most creative solutions to a problem. This will enrich the alternatives that learners consider in evaluating possible solutions to the problems. The MBA consists of 39 credit hours and includes three proficiency courses (MBA 501, MBA 502, MBA 503) which may be satisfied using an undergraduate business degree, undergraduate coursework or graduate coursework. Students may also waive an additional nine credits using graduate courses and may qualify for a 21-credit hour residency. :: Concentration: Administration :: Campus    ::  Location: Houston, TX ::  more info

top

Business Adminstration -Select a State
Arizona	Maryland	Pennsylvania
Vancouver, BC	Michigan	Puerto Rico
California	Missouri	Texas
Colorado	New Mexico	Utah
Florida	Nevada	Washington
Hawaii	Ohio	Wisconsin
Idaho	Oklahoma
Louisiana	Oregon	Online Programs

 

School Description

master of business administration (MBA)

Texas Listing

The Masters in Business Administration (MBA) develops students for the role managers play in defining business problems, assessing information, considering alternatives, and choosing the best solution.

To prepare students for this decision-marketing role, the MBA has been designed to introduce the theory or principles that frame a wide range of problems or issues in each of the courses. The most current techniques or tools are applied to these theories to allow students to practice marketing decisions to solve a wide range of problems.

top

Master of Business Administration (MBA) Sponsors

| Technical and Non-Technical Degrees | Chubb Institute | DeVry University | University of Phoenix | DeVry Keller University | College Searching

College Searching Sponsors

debt consolidation | University Online Degree | Home Remodeling | debt help | General Links |

about | contact | sitemap

College Searching and Online Degrees offer Associate, Bachelor, Masters and Ph.D. degrees in automotive, teaching, finance, internet technology, accounting, marketing, Master of Business Administration (MBA), nursing, computer science, fashion and graphic design, and much more!