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In the United States, a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education. These certificates usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge about a certain vocational or professional subject. Certificate programs can be completed more quickly than associate degrees and often do not have general education requirements. Undergraduate certificates represent completion of a specific program offered in coordination with a bachelors degree. Graduate certificates represent completion of studies beyond the bachelor's degree, yet short of a masters degree.

In the State of Maryland, a Certificate of Merit was, until recently, issued to graduating high-school seniors who met certain academic requirements (such as completion of advanced courses and a cumulative GPA of 3.00); the statewide certificate has since been replaced by "endorsements" defined by each local school system.[3]

It also may be awarded as a necessary certification to validate that a student is considered competent in a certain specific networking skill area in information technology. Thus a computer engineer or computer science graduation most likely will have to obtain additional certificates on and pertaining to the specific technologies or equipment used by the hiring corporation; if not, such employer may suffer unwanted penalties like foregoing (voiding the contract) the protections of a certain level of customer service or warranties.

A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies. Most certifications are time-limited; some expire after a period of time (e.g., the lifetime of a product that required certification for use), while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met. Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up-to-date on advancements in the field, evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits (CECs), or continuing education units (CEUs), from approved professional development courses.

Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations, trade organizations, or private vendors interested in raising industry standards. Certificate programs are often created or endorsed by professional associations, but are typically completely independent from membership organizations. Certifications are very common in fields such as aviation, construction, technology, environment, and other industrial sectors, as well as healthcare, business, real estate, and finance.

According to The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997) by Phillip Barnhart, "certifications are portable, since they do not depend on one company's definition of a certain job" and they provide protential employers with "an impartial, third-party endorsement of an individual's professional knowledge and experience".[1]

Certification is different from professional licensure. In the United States, licenses are typically issued by state agencies, whereas certifications are usually awarded by professional societies or educational institutes. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. In other countries, licenses are typically granted by professional societies or universities and require a certificate after about three to five years and so on thereafter. The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than that of licensure, though sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same, despite differing in terms of legal status.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines the standard for being a certifying agency as meeting the following two requirements:

1. Delivering an assessment based on industry knowledge that is independent from training courses or course providers
2. Granting a time-limited credential to anyone who meets the assessment standards

The Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) is a U.S.-based organization that sets standards for the accreditation of personnel certification and certificate programs based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, a joint publication of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Many members of the Association of Test Publishers (ATP) are also certification organizations.

• Phillip Barnhart, The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997), HRD Press. ISBN 0-8493-9960-2 Retrieved electronically 7 July 2009.

• Master of Professional Studies in Real Estate. "Advanced Professional Certificate in Real Estate | Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies". Scs.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

• "Certificate Programs". lesley.edu.

Information systems (IS) are formal, sociotechnical, organizational systems designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information. In a sociotechnical perspective, information systems are composed by four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and technology.

A computer information system is a system composed of people and computers that processes or interprets information. The term is also sometimes used in more restricted senses to refer to only the software used to run a computerized database or to refer to only a computer system.

Information Systems is an academic study of systems with a specific reference to information and the complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also distribute data. An emphasis is placed on an information system having a definitive boundary, users, processors, storage, inputs, outputs and the aforementioned communication networks.

Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and decision-making. An information system is the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, and also the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.

Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.

Alter argues for advantages of viewing an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans or machines perform processes and activities using resources to produce specific products or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities are devoted to capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying information.

As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision making and action.

Information systems are the primary focus of study for organizational informatics.

Rhode Island (/ˌroʊd -/ (listen)),[6][7] officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,[8] is a state in the New England region of the United States. It is the smallest state in area, the seventh least populous, the second most densely populated, and it has the longest official name of any state. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound. It also shares a small maritime border with New York.[9] Providence is the state capital and most populous city in Rhode Island.

State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Ocean State Little Rhody[1]
Motto(s): Hope
State song(s): "Rhode Island, It's for Me"
Official language	De jure: None De facto: English
Demonym	Rhode Islander
Capital (and largest city)	Providence
Largest metro	Greater Providence
Area	Ranked 50th
• Total	1,214[2] sq mi (3,144 km2)
• Width	37 miles (60 km)
• Length	48 miles (77 km)
• % water	13.9%
• Latitude	41° 09' N to 42° 01' N
• Longitude	71° 07' W to 71° 53' W
Population	Ranked 44th
• Total	1,057,315 (2018)
• Density	1006/sq mi  (388/km2) Ranked 2nd
• Median household income	$63,870[3] (16th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Jerimoth Hill[4][5] 812 ft (247 m)
• Mean	200 ft  (60 m)
• Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean[4] Sea level
Before statehood	Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
Admitted to the Union	May 29, 1790 (13th)
Governor	Gina Raimondo (D)
Lieutenant Governor	Daniel McKee (D)
Legislature	Rhode Island General Assembly
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	Jack Reed (D) Sheldon Whitehouse (D)
U.S. House delegation	1: David Cicilline (D) 2: James Langevin (D) (list)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC −5/−4
ISO 3166	US-RI
Abbreviations	RI, R.I.
Website	www.ri.gov
Footnotes: * Total area is approximately 776,957 acres (3,144 km2)

Rhode Island state symbols
The Flag of Rhode Island
The Seal of Rhode Island
Living insignia
Bird	Rhode Island Red chicken Gallus gallus domesticus
Fish	Striped bass
Flower	Violet Viola sororia
Insect	American burying beetle Nicroforus americanus
Mammal	Morgan horse
Reptile	Painted turtle
Tree	Red Maple Acer rubrum
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Coffee milk
Mineral	Bowenite
Rock	Cumberlandite
Ship	Courageous, USS Providence
Slogan	Unwind
Tartan	Rhode Island State Tartan
Other	Fruit: Rhode Island Greening
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2001
Lists of United States state symbols

On May 4, 1776, the Colony of Rhode Island was the first of the Thirteen Colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown,[10] and it was the fourth among the newly independent states to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 9, 1778.[11] The state boycotted the 1787 convention which drew up the United States Constitution[12] and initially refused to ratify it;[13] it was the last of the states to do so on May 29, 1790.[14][15]

Rhode Island's official nickname is "The Ocean State", a reference to the large bays and inlets that amount to about 14 percent of its total area.[2]

The Rhode Island economy had a colonial base in fishing.

The Blackstone River Valley was a major contributor to the American Industrial Revolution. It was in Pawtucket that Samuel Slater set up Slater Mill in 1793,[98] using the waterpower of the Blackstone River to power his cotton mill. For a while, Rhode Island was one of the leaders in textiles. However, with the Great Depression, most textile factories relocated to southern U.S. states. The textile industry still constitutes a part of the Rhode Island economy but does not have the same power that it once had.

Other important industries in Rhode Island's past included toolmaking, costume jewelry, and silverware. An interesting by-product of Rhode Island's industrial history is the number of abandoned factories, many of them now being used for condominiums, museums, offices, and low-income and elderly housing. Today, much of the economy of Rhode Island is based in services, particularly healthcare and education, and still manufacturing to some extent.[99][100] The state's nautical history continues in the 21st century in the form of nuclear submarine construction.

Per the 2013 American Communities Survey, Rhode Island has the highest paid elementary school teachers in the country, with an average salary of $75,028 (adjusted to inflation).[101]

The headquarters of Citizens Financial Group is located in Providence, the 14th largest bank in the United States.[102] The Fortune 500 companies CVS Caremark and Textron are based in Woonsocket and Providence, respectively. FM Global, GTECH Corporation, Hasbro, American Power Conversion, Nortek, and Amica Mutual Insurance are all Fortune 1000 companies that are based in Rhode Island.[103]

Rhode Island's 2000 total gross state production was $46.18 billion (adjusted to inflation), placing it 45th in the nation. Its 2000 per capita personal income was $41,484 (adjusted to inflation), 16th in the nation. Rhode Island has the lowest level of energy consumption per capita of any state.[104][105][106] Additionally, Rhode Island is rated as the 5th most energy efficient state in the country.[107][108] In December 2012, the state's unemployment rate was 10.2%.[109]

Health services are Rhode Island's largest industry. Second is tourism, supporting 39,000 jobs, with tourism-related sales at $4.56 billion (adjusted to inflation) in the year 2000. The third-largest industry is manufacturing.[110] Its industrial outputs are submarine construction, shipbuilding, costume jewelry, fabricated metal products, electrical equipment, machinery, and boatbuilding. Rhode Island's agricultural outputs are nursery stock, vegetables, dairy products, and eggs.

Rhode Island's taxes were appreciably higher than neighboring states,[72] because Rhode Island's income tax was based on 25% of the payer's federal income tax payment.[111] Former Governor Donald Carcieri claimed that the higher tax rate had an inhibitory effect on business growth in the state and called for reductions to increase the competitiveness of the state's business environment. In 2010, the Rhode Island General Assembly passed a new state income tax structure that was then signed into law on June 9, 2010 by Governor Carcieri.[112] The income tax overhaul has now made Rhode Island competitive with other New England states by lowering its maximum tax rate to 5.99% and reducing the number of tax brackets to three.[113] The state's first income tax was enacted in 1971.[114]

Rhode Island has several colleges and universities:

• Brown University
• Bryant University
• Community College of Rhode Island
• Johnson & Wales University
• Naval War College
• New England Institute of Technology
• Providence College
• Rhode Island College
• Rhode Island School of Design
• Roger Williams University
• Salve Regina University of Newport
• University of Rhode Island

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• Don D'Amato. "Warwick's Villages & Historic Places". City of Warwick. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2008.

• Nesi, Ted. "Here's why Rhode Island is the only state that celebrates Victory Day". WPRI. Retrieved March 27, 2019.

• "Home > State Library > History of Rhode Island > State Facts & Figures". Rhode Island Office of the Secretary of State. Retrieved September 24, 2013.

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        School Description

Choose the education that's right for YOU!               

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Help Desk Analyst
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Get the focused and comprehensive technical training you need to launch your career. Designed to prepare you for the Network+ Certification examinations and an entry-level position as a Help Desk Analyst, you will: Obtain the skills you need to troubleshoot and resolve computer hardware and software problems. Perform basic computer applications and troubleshooting tasks Develop a background in Internet navigation and computer networking. And you can get the real-world skills you need in as little as seven months! :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Lincoln, RI ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Software Applications Specialist
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Whether you're looking to get a MOUS certification or just want to advance your skills, the Software Applications Specialist program is for you. Our program is designed to help you prepare for the various Microsoft OfficeT User Specialist certification exams, as well as help you gain a greater variety of skills using Microsoft OfficeT software: Become proficient in Word and learn how to utilize Excel to create the professional reports and spreadsheets used in business Develop professional business presentations using PowerPoint Set-up and maintain databases in Access Learn about the organization and communication capabilities of Outlook Design Web pages using FrontPage and Publisher And you can get the training you need in only about seven months... :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Lincoln, RI ::  more info

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Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/IS	Software Applications Specialist
School: Computer-Ed Institute Program: Get industry certifications like the MCSE or CompTIA A+, or enhance your current skills set with the Network Systems Professional program. Our program is designed to help you prepare for the various Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP) exams and CompTIA A+ hardware certification examinations, as well as help you keep your skills up to date: Design, implement and administer MicrosoftT Windows 2000 Networks Learn the processes and procedures needed to maintain networks, hardware and operating systems Troubleshoot and analyze problems In only seven months, this focused program will prepare you for entry-level employment in the networking industry. :: Concentration: Information Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Lincoln, RI ::  more info

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School Description

information systems

Rhode Island Listing

Today's computer information systems (CIS) professionals provide invaluable and highly specialized computer systems expertise, helping companies stay competitive in the global marketplace. These experts harness technology and enable organizations to use information to the fullest. In short, CIS experts are vital to the bottom-line success of every enterprise.

The CIS program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and science, business and accounting, systems concepts, programming, and systems development.

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