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In the United States, a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education. These certificates usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge about a certain vocational or professional subject. Certificate programs can be completed more quickly than associate degrees and often do not have general education requirements. Undergraduate certificates represent completion of a specific program offered in coordination with a bachelors degree. Graduate certificates represent completion of studies beyond the bachelor's degree, yet short of a masters degree.

In the State of Maryland, a Certificate of Merit was, until recently, issued to graduating high-school seniors who met certain academic requirements (such as completion of advanced courses and a cumulative GPA of 3.00); the statewide certificate has since been replaced by "endorsements" defined by each local school system.[3]

It also may be awarded as a necessary certification to validate that a student is considered competent in a certain specific networking skill area in information technology. Thus a computer engineer or computer science graduation most likely will have to obtain additional certificates on and pertaining to the specific technologies or equipment used by the hiring corporation; if not, such employer may suffer unwanted penalties like foregoing (voiding the contract) the protections of a certain level of customer service or warranties.

A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies. Most certifications are time-limited; some expire after a period of time (e.g., the lifetime of a product that required certification for use), while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met. Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up-to-date on advancements in the field, evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits (CECs), or continuing education units (CEUs), from approved professional development courses.

Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations, trade organizations, or private vendors interested in raising industry standards. Certificate programs are often created or endorsed by professional associations, but are typically completely independent from membership organizations. Certifications are very common in fields such as aviation, construction, technology, environment, and other industrial sectors, as well as healthcare, business, real estate, and finance.

According to The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997) by Phillip Barnhart, "certifications are portable, since they do not depend on one company's definition of a certain job" and they provide protential employers with "an impartial, third-party endorsement of an individual's professional knowledge and experience".[1]

Certification is different from professional licensure. In the United States, licenses are typically issued by state agencies, whereas certifications are usually awarded by professional societies or educational institutes. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. In other countries, licenses are typically granted by professional societies or universities and require a certificate after about three to five years and so on thereafter. The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than that of licensure, though sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same, despite differing in terms of legal status.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines the standard for being a certifying agency as meeting the following two requirements:

1. Delivering an assessment based on industry knowledge that is independent from training courses or course providers
2. Granting a time-limited credential to anyone who meets the assessment standards

The Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) is a U.S.-based organization that sets standards for the accreditation of personnel certification and certificate programs based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, a joint publication of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Many members of the Association of Test Publishers (ATP) are also certification organizations.

• Phillip Barnhart, The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997), HRD Press. ISBN 0-8493-9960-2 Retrieved electronically 7 July 2009.

• Master of Professional Studies in Real Estate. "Advanced Professional Certificate in Real Estate | Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies". Scs.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

• "Certificate Programs". lesley.edu.

Electronic system level (ESL) design and verification is an electronic design methodology, focused on higher abstraction level concerns. The term Electronic System Level or ESL Design was first defined by Gartner Dataquest, an EDA-industry-analysis firm, on February 1, 2001. It is defined in ESL Design and Verification as: "the utilization of appropriate abstractions in order to increase comprehension about a system, and to enhance the probability of a successful implementation of functionality in a cost-effective manner."

The basic premise is to model the behavior of the entire system using a high-level language such as C, C++, or using graphical "model-based" design tools. Newer languages are emerging that enable the creation of a model at a higher level of abstraction including general purpose system design languages like SysML as well as those that are specific to embedded system design like SMDL and SSDL. Rapid and correct-by-construction implementation of the system can be automated using EDA tools such as high-level synthesis and embedded software tools, although much of it is performed manually today. ESL can also be accomplished through the use of SystemC as an abstract modeling language.

Electronic System Level is an established approach at many of the world’s leading System-on-a-chip (SoC) design companies, and is being used increasingly in system design. From its genesis as an algorithm modeling methodology with ‘no links to implementation’, ESL is evolving into a set of complementary methodologies that enable embedded system design, verification, and debugging through to the hardware and software implementation of custom SoC, system-on-FPGA, system-on board, and entire multi-board systems.

Design and verification are two distinct disciplines within this methodology. Some practices are to keep the two elements separate, while others advocate for closer integration between design and verification.

New York is a state in the Northeastern United States. New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States. With an estimated 19.54 million residents in 2018,[4] it is the fourth most populous state. To distinguish the state from the city with the same name, it is sometimes called New York State.

State of New York
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Empire State
Motto(s): Excelsior (in Latin)[1] Ever upward
State song(s): "I Love New York"
Official language	None
Spoken languages	English 69.6% Spanish 15.1% Chinese 3.1% French 1.6% Russian 1.2% Italian 0.9% Yiddish 0.7% Hindi/Urdu 0.6% Arabic 0.5% Japanese 0.5% Korean 0.5%[2]
Demonym	New Yorker
Capital	Albany
Largest city	New York City
Largest metro	New York metropolitan area
Area	Ranked 27th
• Total	54,555[3] sq mi (141,300 km2)
• Width	285 miles (455 km)
• Length	330 miles (530 km)
• % water	13.5
• Latitude	40° 30′ N to 45° 1′ N
• Longitude	71° 51′ W to 79° 46′ W
Population	Ranked 4th
• Total	19,542,209 (2018 est.)[4]
• Density	416.42/sq mi  (159/km2) Ranked 7th
• Median household income	$64,894 (2017)[5] (15th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Mount Marcy[6][7][8] 5,344 ft (1,629 m)
• Mean	1,000 ft  (300 m)
• Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean[7][8] Sea level
Before statehood	Province of New York
Admitted to the Union	July 26, 1788 (11th)
Governor	Andrew Cuomo (D)
Lieutenant Governor	Kathy Hochul (D)
Legislature	New York Legislature
• Upper house	State Senate
• Lower house	State Assembly
U.S. Senators	Chuck Schumer (D) Kirsten Gillibrand (D)
U.S. House delegation	21 Democrats 6 Republicans (list)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC −5/−4
ISO 3166	US-NY
Abbreviations	NY, N.Y.
Website	www.ny.gov

New York state symbols
Living insignia
Bird	Eastern bluebird
Fish	Brook trout (fresh water), Striped bass (salt water)
Flower	Rose
Insect	Nine-spotted ladybug
Mammal	Beaver
Reptile	Common snapping turtle
Tree	Sugar maple
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Milk
Food	Fruit: Apple Muffin: Apple
Fossil	Eurypterus remipes
Gemstone	Garnet
Shell	Bay scallop
Other	Bush: Lilac bush
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2001
Lists of United States state symbols

The state's most populous city, New York City, makes up over 40% of the state's population. Two-thirds of the state's population lives in the New York metropolitan area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island.[9] The state and city were both named for the 17th century Duke of York, the future King James II of England. With an estimated population of 8.62 million in 2017,[9] New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States.[10][11][12] The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world.[13][14] New York City is a global city,[15] home to the United Nations Headquarters[16] and has been described as the cultural, financial, and media capital[17][18] of the world,[19][20][21] as well as the world's most economically powerful city.[22][21][23] The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany.

The 27th largest U.S. state in land area, New York has a diverse geography. The state is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island, east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the north and Ontario to the northwest. The southern part of the state is in the Atlantic coastal plain and includes Long Island and several smaller associated islands, as well as New York City and the lower Hudson River Valley. The large Upstate New York region comprises several ranges of the wider Appalachian Mountains, and the Adirondack Mountains in the Northeastern lobe of the state. Two major river valleys – the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley – bisect these more mountainous regions. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes region and borders Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, and Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, a popular vacation and tourist destination.

New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. French colonists and Jesuit missionaries arrived southward from Montreal for trade and proselytizing. In 1609, the region was visited by Henry Hudson sailing for the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch built Fort Nassau in 1614 at the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers, where the present-day capital of Albany later developed. The Dutch soon also settled New Amsterdam and parts of the Hudson Valley, establishing the multicultural colony of New Netherland, a center of trade and immigration. England seized the colony from the Dutch in 1664. During the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), a group of colonists of the Province of New York attempted to take control of the British colony and eventually succeeded in establishing independence. In the 19th century, New York's development of access to the interior beginning with the Erie Canal, gave it incomparable advantages over other regions of the U.S. east-coast and built its political and cultural ascendancy.[24]

Many landmarks in New York are well known, including four of the world's ten most-visited tourist attractions in 2013: Times Square, Central Park, Niagara Falls, and Grand Central Terminal.[25] New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity.[26] In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship,[27] social tolerance,[28] and environmental sustainability.[29][30] New York's higher education network comprises approximately 200 colleges and universities, including Columbia University, Cornell University, New York University, the United States Military Academy, the United States Merchant Marine Academy, University of Rochester, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Rockefeller University, which have been ranked among the top 40 in the nation and world.[31][32][33]

New York's gross state product in 2017 was $1.547 trillion.[161] If New York State were an independent nation, it would rank as the 11th largest economy in the world.[162] However, in 2013, the multi-state, New York City-centered Metropolitan Statistical Area produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of nearly US$1.4 trillion,[163] while in 2012, the corresponding Combined Statistical Area[164] generated a GMP of over $1.7 trillion, both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the GDP of only nine nations.[165]

The economy of the State of New York is reflected in its gross state product in 2017 of $1.607 trillion, ranking third in size behind the larger U.S. states of California and Texas. If New York State were an independent nation, it would rank as the 12th or 13th largest economy in the world, depending upon international currency fluctuations. However, in 2013, the multi-state, New York City-centered Metropolitan Statistical Area produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of nearly US$1.39 trillion,[9] while in 2012, the corresponding Combined Statistical Area[10] generated a GMP of over US$1.15 trillion, both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the GDP of only twelve nations and eleven nations, respectively.[11]

Economy of New York

Midtown Manhattan in New York City, the largest central business district in the world.
Currency	USD
Statistics
GDP	$1.607 trillion (2017)[1]
GDP per capita	$82,008 (2017) [2]
Population below poverty line	13.6%[3]
Gini coefficient	0.502[4]
Labour force	9,633,503 (2018)[5]
Unemployment	3.9% (Feb. 2019)[6]
Public finances
Revenues	$63,529.354 million[7]
Expenses	$54,607 million[8]

New York City and the surrounding New York metropolitan area dominate the economy of the state. Manhattan is the leading center of banking, finance, and communication in the United States and is the location of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on Wall Street. Many of the world's largest corporations locate their home offices in Manhattan or in nearby Westchester County. Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2015,[12] making it the largest office market in the United States,[13] while Midtown Manhattan, with nearly 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2015,[12] is the largest central business district in the world.[14] The state also has a large manufacturing sector, which includes printing and publishing and the production of garments, furs, railroad rolling stock, and bus line vehicles. Some industries are concentrated in upstate locations also, such as ceramics and glass (the southern tier of counties), microchips and nanotechnology (Albany), and photographic equipment (Rochester). New York's agricultural outputs comprise dairy products, cattle and other livestock, vegetables, nursery stock, and apples.

The University of the State of New York accredits and sets standards for primary, middle-level, and secondary education in the state, while the New York State Education Department oversees public schools and controls their standardized tests. The New York City Department of Education manages the New York City Public Schools system. In 1894, reflecting general racial discrimination then, the state passed a law that allowed communities to set up separate schools for children of African-American descent. In 1900, the state passed another law requiring integrated schools.[205]

At the level of post-secondary education, the statewide public university system is the State University of New York (SUNY). The SUNY system consists of 64 community colleges, technical colleges, undergraduate colleges, and doctoral-granting institutions, including several universities. New York's largest public university is the State University of New York at Buffalo, which was founded by U.S. President Millard Fillmore.[206][207] The four SUNY University Centers, offering a wide array of academic programs, are the University at Albany, Binghamton University, Stony Brook University, and the University at Buffalo. New York City has its own City University of New York (CUNY) system, which is funded by the city.

Columbia University, Cornell University, New York University, and the University of Rochester are widely regarded as the premier higher education institutions in New York, all of them leading, world-renowned private universities and members of the Association of American Universities, the pre-eminent group of research universities in the United States. Other notable large private universities include Syracuse University and Fordham University. Smaller notable private institutions of higher education include Rockefeller University, Mercy College, New York Institute of Technology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Yeshiva University, and Hofstra University. There are also a multitude of postgraduate-level schools in New York State, including medical, law, and engineering schools.

West Point, the service academy of the U.S. Army, is located just south of Newburgh, on the west bank of the Hudson River. The federal Merchant Marine Academy is at Kings Point on Long Island.

New York is also home to what are widely regarded as the best performing arts schools in the world. The Juilliard School, located in the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is one of the world's leading music and dance schools.[208][209][210] The Eastman School of Music, a professional school within the University of Rochester, was ranked first among U.S. music schools by U.S. News & World Report for five consecutive years.[211]

During the 2013 fiscal year, New York spent more on public education per pupil than any other state, according to U.S. Census Bureau statistics.[212]

• http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?id=NYNGSP

• http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?id=NYPCPI

• https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/ranks/rank34.html

• http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-context=dt&-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&-_geoSkip=0&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G2000_B19083&-tree_id=307&-_skip=0&-redoLog=false&-geo_id=04000US01&-geo_id=04000US02&-geo_id=04000US04&-geo_id=04000US05&-geo_id=04000US06&-geo_id=04000US08&-geo_id=04000US09&-geo_id=04000US10&-geo_id=04000US11&-geo_id=04000US12&-geo_id=04000US13&-geo_id=04000US15&-geo_id=04000US16&-geo_id=04000US17&-geo_id=04000US18&-geo_id=04000US19&-geo_id=04000US20&-geo_id=04000US21&-geo_id=04000US22&-geo_id=04000US23&-geo_id=04000US24&-geo_id=04000US25&-geo_id=04000US26&-geo_id=04000US27&-geo_id=04000US28&-geo_id=04000US29&-geo_id=04000US30&-geo_id=04000US31&-geo_id=04000US32&-geo_id=04000US33&-geo_id=04000US34&-geo_id=04000US35&-geo_id=04000US36&-geo_id=04000US37&-geo_id=04000US38&-geo_id=04000US39&-geo_id=04000US40&-geo_id=04000US41&-geo_id=04000US42&-geo_id=04000US44&-geo_id=04000US45&-geo_id=04000US46&-geo_id=04000US47&-geo_id=04000US48&-geo_id=04000US49&-geo_id=04000US50&-geo_id=04000US51&-geo_id=04000US53&-geo_id=04000US54&-geo_id=04000US55&-geo_id=04000US56&-geo_id=04000US72&-search_results=01000US&4-_showChild=Y&-format=&-_lang=en&-_toggle=

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CA/ES	Computer Technical Support
School: Katharine Gibbs School Program: The Computer Technical Support Program is a 9-month certificate program encompassing all the computer skills necessary to obtain that first job in the computer industry. The certificate program was designed by MIS professionals based on input from the actual employers. The courses and content reflect what they consider important knowledge and skills for entry-level employees. Students are immersed in local operating systems, networking technology, Internet dexterity, applications, and PC hardware and maintenance. Beyond these technical areas, employers also expressed a desire for a "polished student." To that end, additional courses in communication and interpersonal skills, and Help Desk are included. The goal is to create a student that is a professional employee in both the technical and business environments of the computer industry. :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Melville, NY ::  more info

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School: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute Program: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute's (Not affiliated with the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies) Personal Computer programs can train you in some of the most widely used computer applications and techniques, helping you obtain the technical skills you need for a successful future. The objective of our programs is to develop entry-level administrative and office support personnel who possess: The skills necessary to perform in a modern computerized office; The PC knowledge required for professional growth; The professional office skills that employers expect; The ability to present themselves effectively to prospective employers. :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: New York, NY ::  more info

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School: DeVry University Program: Today's computer information systems (CIS) professionals provide invaluable and highly specialized computer systems expertise, helping companies stay competitive in the global marketplace. These experts harness technology and enable organizations to use information to the fullest. In short, CIS experts are vital to the bottom-line success of every enterprise. The CIS program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and science, business and accounting, systems concepts, programming, and systems development. :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: New York (Long Island City), NY ::  more info

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School: DeVry University Program: Electronics specialists are at the heart of rapidly evolving technology, applying their expertise in diverse areas such as semiconductor chip manufacturing, telecommunications, wireless, computer networking, the internet, transportation, entertainment, medicine and space exploration. Global competition and the unparalleled speed at which new products are developed have greatly increased the need for highly productive and adaptive engineering technologists. The EE program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and science, analysis and design of electrical and electronic circuits and systems, digital and microprocessor systems, electronic communications and controls, computer programming, and senior project design and development. ** In New York, Electronics Technology :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: New York (Long Island City), NY ::  more info

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Electronics specialists are at the heart of rapidly evolving technology, applying their expertise in diverse areas such as semiconductor chip manufacturing, telecommunications, wireless, computer networking, the internet, transportation, entertainment, medicine and space exploration. Global competition and the unparalleled speed at which new products are developed have greatly increased the need for highly productive and adaptive engineering technologists.

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