Get Your Degree Online!

:: Electronic Systems

In the United States, a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education. These certificates usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge about a certain vocational or professional subject. Certificate programs can be completed more quickly than associate degrees and often do not have general education requirements. Undergraduate certificates represent completion of a specific program offered in coordination with a bachelors degree. Graduate certificates represent completion of studies beyond the bachelor's degree, yet short of a masters degree.

In the State of Maryland, a Certificate of Merit was, until recently, issued to graduating high-school seniors who met certain academic requirements (such as completion of advanced courses and a cumulative GPA of 3.00); the statewide certificate has since been replaced by "endorsements" defined by each local school system.[3]

It also may be awarded as a necessary certification to validate that a student is considered competent in a certain specific networking skill area in information technology. Thus a computer engineer or computer science graduation most likely will have to obtain additional certificates on and pertaining to the specific technologies or equipment used by the hiring corporation; if not, such employer may suffer unwanted penalties like foregoing (voiding the contract) the protections of a certain level of customer service or warranties.

A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies. Most certifications are time-limited; some expire after a period of time (e.g., the lifetime of a product that required certification for use), while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met. Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up-to-date on advancements in the field, evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits (CECs), or continuing education units (CEUs), from approved professional development courses.

Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations, trade organizations, or private vendors interested in raising industry standards. Certificate programs are often created or endorsed by professional associations, but are typically completely independent from membership organizations. Certifications are very common in fields such as aviation, construction, technology, environment, and other industrial sectors, as well as healthcare, business, real estate, and finance.

According to The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997) by Phillip Barnhart, "certifications are portable, since they do not depend on one company's definition of a certain job" and they provide protential employers with "an impartial, third-party endorsement of an individual's professional knowledge and experience".[1]

Certification is different from professional licensure. In the United States, licenses are typically issued by state agencies, whereas certifications are usually awarded by professional societies or educational institutes. Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. In other countries, licenses are typically granted by professional societies or universities and require a certificate after about three to five years and so on thereafter. The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than that of licensure, though sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same, despite differing in terms of legal status.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines the standard for being a certifying agency as meeting the following two requirements:

1. Delivering an assessment based on industry knowledge that is independent from training courses or course providers
2. Granting a time-limited credential to anyone who meets the assessment standards

The Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) is a U.S.-based organization that sets standards for the accreditation of personnel certification and certificate programs based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, a joint publication of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Many members of the Association of Test Publishers (ATP) are also certification organizations.

• Phillip Barnhart, The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997), HRD Press. ISBN 0-8493-9960-2 Retrieved electronically 7 July 2009.

• Master of Professional Studies in Real Estate. "Advanced Professional Certificate in Real Estate | Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies". Scs.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

• "Certificate Programs". lesley.edu.

Electronic system level (ESL) design and verification is an electronic design methodology, focused on higher abstraction level concerns. The term Electronic System Level or ESL Design was first defined by Gartner Dataquest, an EDA-industry-analysis firm, on February 1, 2001. It is defined in ESL Design and Verification as: "the utilization of appropriate abstractions in order to increase comprehension about a system, and to enhance the probability of a successful implementation of functionality in a cost-effective manner."

The basic premise is to model the behavior of the entire system using a high-level language such as C, C++, or using graphical "model-based" design tools. Newer languages are emerging that enable the creation of a model at a higher level of abstraction including general purpose system design languages like SysML as well as those that are specific to embedded system design like SMDL and SSDL. Rapid and correct-by-construction implementation of the system can be automated using EDA tools such as high-level synthesis and embedded software tools, although much of it is performed manually today. ESL can also be accomplished through the use of SystemC as an abstract modeling language.

Electronic System Level is an established approach at many of the world’s leading System-on-a-chip (SoC) design companies, and is being used increasingly in system design. From its genesis as an algorithm modeling methodology with ‘no links to implementation’, ESL is evolving into a set of complementary methodologies that enable embedded system design, verification, and debugging through to the hardware and software implementation of custom SoC, system-on-FPGA, system-on board, and entire multi-board systems.

Design and verification are two distinct disciplines within this methodology. Some practices are to keep the two elements separate, while others advocate for closer integration between design and verification.

Virginia (/vərˈdʒɪniə/ (listen)), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern[5] and Mid-Atlantic[6] regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" due to its status as the first English colonial possession established in mainland North America[7] and "Mother of Presidents" because eight U.S. presidents were born there, more than any other state. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's estimated population as of 2018 is over 8.5 million.[8]

The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution. In the American Civil War, Virginia's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy, and Virginia's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union; that led to the creation of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.[9]

The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World.[10] The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008.[11] It is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginia's economy has many sectors: agriculture in the Shenandoah Valley; federal agencies in Northern Virginia, including the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); and military facilities in Hampton Roads, the site of the region's main seaport.

Commonwealth of Virginia
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): "Old Dominion", "Mother of Presidents and the Mother of Statesmen"
Motto(s): Sic semper tyrannis (English: Thus Always to Tyrants)[1]
State song(s): "Our Great Virginia"
Official language	English
Spoken languages	English 86%, Spanish 6% Other 8%
Demonym	Virginian
Capital	Richmond
Largest city	Virginia Beach
Largest metro	Baltimore-Washington Metro Area
Area	Ranked 35th
• Total	42,774.2 sq mi (110,785.67 km2)
• Width	200 miles (320 km)
• Length	430 miles (690 km)
• % water	7.4
• Latitude	36° 32′ N to 39° 28′ N
• Longitude	75° 15′ W to 83° 41′ W
Population	Ranked 12th
• Total	8,517,685 (2018)
• Density	206.7/sq mi  (79.8/km2) Ranked 14th
• Median household income	$71,535[2] (10th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Mount Rogers[3][4] 5,729 ft (1746 m)
• Mean	950 ft  (290 m)
• Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean[3] Sea level
Before statehood	Colony of Virginia
Admitted to the Union	June 25, 1788 (10th)
Governor	Ralph Northam (D)
Lieutenant Governor	Justin Fairfax (D)
Legislature	General Assembly
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Delegates
U.S. Senators	Mark Warner (D) Tim Kaine (D)
U.S. House delegation	7 Democrats 4 Republicans (list)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC −5/−4
ISO 3166	US-VA
Abbreviations	VA, Va.
Website	www.virginia.gov

Virginia is an employment-at-will state;[160] its economy has diverse sources of income, including local and federal government, military, farming and business. Virginia has 4.1 million civilian workers, and one-third of the jobs are in the service sector.[161][162] The unemployment rate in Virginia as of 2018 is 2.9%, which is below the national average.[163] The second fastest job growth town in the nation is Leesburg, as of 2011.[164] The Gross Domestic Product of Virginia was over $510 billion in 2017.[165] According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Virginia had the most counties in the top 100 wealthiest in the United States at sixteen counties based upon median income in 2007.[166] Northern Virginia is the highest-income region in Virginia, having six of the twenty highest-income counties in the United States, including the two highest as of 2008.[167] According to CNN Money Magazine the highest-income town in the nation is Great Falls, as of 2011.[168] According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Virginia had the seventh-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.64%.[169]

Virginia's educational system consistently ranks in the top five states on the U.S. Department of Education's National Assessment of Educational Progress, with Virginia students outperforming the average in all subject areas and grade levels tested.[236] The 2018 Quality Counts report ranked Virginia's K–12 education tenth best in the country.[237] All school divisions must adhere to educational standards set forth by the Virginia Department of Education, which maintains an assessment and accreditation regime known as the Standards of Learning to ensure accountability.[238] In 2018, 91.6% of high school students graduated on-time after four years, and increase of two percent from 2013.[239]

Public K–12 schools in Virginia are generally operated by the counties and cities, and not by the state. As off the 2018–19 academic year, a total of 1,290,576 students were enrolled in 2,293 local and regional schools in the Commonwealth, including eight charter schools, and an additional 98 alternative and special education centers across 133 school divisions.[240][241] 2018 marked the first decline in overall enrollment in public schools, by just over 2,000 students, since 1984.[242] Besides the general public schools in Virginia, there are Governor's Schools and selective magnet schools. The Governor's Schools are a collection of more than 40 regional high schools and summer programs intended for gifted students.[243] The Virginia Council for Private Education oversees the regulation of 483 state accredited private schools.[244] An additional 17,283 students receive homeschooling.[245]

As of 2019, there are 169 colleges and universities in Virginia.[246] In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report ranking of national public universities, the University of Virginia is ranked No. 3, the College of William and Mary is No. 10, Virginia Tech is No. 30, George Mason University is No. 67, and Virginia Commonwealth University is No. 80.[247] Virginia Commonwealth is also ranked the No. 2 public graduate school in fine arts, while James Madison University is ranked the No. 6 regional university in The South.[248][249] The Virginia Military Institute is the oldest state military college.[250] Virginia State University and Virginia Tech are the state's land-grant universities. Virginia also operates 23 community colleges on 40 campuses serving over 225,000 credit students and around 175,000 non-credit students as of 2017.[251] There are 124 private institutions in the state, including nationally ranked liberal arts colleges Washington and Lee University at No. 11, the University of Richmond at No. 25, and the Virginia Military Institute at No. 81.[246][252] As of 2018, Liberty University had the largest enrollment, with 88,283 online students and 15,105 on-campus students in Lynchburg.[253]

• "Factpack" (PDF). Virginia General Assembly. January 11, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

• "Median Annual Household Income". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on November 2, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.

• Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.

• Society, National Geographic (January 3, 2012). "United States Regions". Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• "Mid-Atlantic Home : Mid–Atlantic Information Office : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• "Old Dominion". Encyclopedia Virginia. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2014.

• "QuickFacts Virginia; UNITED STATES". 2018 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. February 1, 2019. Archived from the original on February 2, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.

• Balz, Dan (October 12, 2007). "Painting America Purple". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2007.

• "About the General Assembly". Website: Virginia General Assembly. State of Virginia. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2013.

• Somashekhar, Sandhya (March 4, 2008). "Government Takes Top Honors in Efficiency". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved March 11, 2008.

• The Encyclopedia of Virginia 1999, pp. 2–15

• "2000 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2004. p. 71. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.

• "Supreme Court Rules for Virginia in Potomac Conflict". The Sea Grant Law Center. University of Mississippi. 2003. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2007.

• Hubbard, Jr. 2009, p. 140.

• Van Zandt 1976, pp. 92–95.

• "Fact Sheet 102–98 – The Chesapeake Bay: Geologic Product of Rising Sea Level". United States Geological Survey. November 18, 1998. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2009.

• Burnham & Burnham 2004, pp. 7, 56–57.

• "Rivers and Watersheds". The Geology of Virginia. College of William and Mary. February 23, 2007. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2008.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, p. 3.

• Pazzaglia 2006, pp. 135–138.

• "Virginia's Agricultural Resources". Natural Resource Education Guide. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. January 21, 2008. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2008.

• Burnham & Burnham 2004, p. 277.

• "Physiographic Regions of Virginia". The Geology of Virginia. College of William and Mary. February 16, 2007. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2008.

• Palmer 1998, pp. 49–51.

• "Largest Earthquake in Virginia". United States Geological Survey. January 25, 2008. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.

• "Magnitude 5.8 – Virginia". United States Geological Survey. August 23, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2011.

• Mayell, Hillary (November 13, 2001). "Chesapeake Bay Crater Offers Clues to Ancient Cataclysm". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.

• "Coal" (PDF). Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy. July 31, 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2014.

• "Comparison of Annually Reported Tonnage Data" (XLS). Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy. 2018. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2019.

• "Caves" (PDF). Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy. July 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 17, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2009.

• Burnham & Burnham 2004, pp. 1–3

• Hayden, Bruce P.; Michaels, Patrick J. (January 20, 2000). "Virginia's Climate". Department of Environmental Sciences. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2008.

• "Thunderstorms and Lightening". Virginia Department of Emergency Management. April 2, 2001. Archived from the original on December 7, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.

• U.S. Climate Divisional Dataset (2018). "Climate at a Glance". NOAA. Retrieved March 11, 2019.

• "The Natural Communities of Virginia". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. 2006. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.

• Ricketts, Lauryn (February 7, 2008). "Tornadoes DO happen in Virginia!". TV3 Winchester. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.

• "Advisory 01/07: The Hot Get Hotter? Urban Warming and Air Quality". University of Virginia Climatology Office. Archived from the original on September 22, 2002. Retrieved July 30, 2007.

• "Report Card: Virginia". State of the Air: 2018. American Lung Association. April 17, 2018. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2019.

• Fahrenthold, David A. (June 25, 2008). "Debating Coal's Cost in Rural Va". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2008.

• "Virginia's Forest Resources". Natural Resource Education Guide. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. January 21, 2008. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2008.

• "Shenandoah National Park — Forests". National Park Service. July 25, 2006. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved September 10, 2007.

• Carroll & Miller 2002, pp. xi−xii.

• "Species Information: Mammals". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. 2008. Archived from the original on January 15, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2008.

• "Shenandoah National Park — Birds". National Park Service. July 25, 2006. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2007.

• "Virginia Fishes". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. 2008. Archived from the original on November 10, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2008.

• "Bay Biology". Chesapeake Bay Program. January 5, 2006. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2008.

• "Virginia". National Park Service. 2008. Archived from the original on August 21, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2008.

• Carroll & Miller 2002, p. 158.

• "Park Locations". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. November 9, 2007. Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved January 26, 2008.

• Smith 2008, pp. 152–153, 356.

• Shapiro, Laurie Gwen (June 22, 2014). "Pocahontas: Fantasy and Reality". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on June 23, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2014.

• Wallenstein 2007, pp. 406–407.

• Kunkle, Fredrick; Vogel, Steve (May 14, 2007). "President Bush Caps Celebration Of Success in Face of Adversity". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2009.

• "Virginia Military Dead Database Introduction". Library of Virginia. Government of Virginia. 2009. Archived from the original on September 3, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2009.

• Abrams 1999, p. xv.

• Wood, Karenne, ed. (2007). The Virginia Indian Heritage Trail (PDF) (second ed.). Charlottesville, Virginia: Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. ISBN 978-0-9786604-3-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 2009.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 4–11.

• Cotton, Lee (July 1999). "Powhatan Indian Lifeways". National Park Service. Archived from the original on September 24, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2008.

• Glanville, Jim. "16th Century Spanish Invasions of Southwest Virginia" (PDF). Reprinted from the Historical Society of Western Virginia Journal, XVII(l): 34–42,2009 [2010]. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2014.

• Wallenstein 2007, pp. 8–9.

• Moran 2007, p. 8.

• Stewart 2008, p. 22.

• Vollmann 2002, pp. 695–696.

• Conlin 2009, pp. 30–31.

• Gordon 2004, p. 17.

• Hoffer 2006, p. 132; Grizzard & Smith 2007, pp. 128–133

• "The lost colony and Jamestown droughts." Archived September 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Stahle, D. W., M. K. Cleaveland, D. B. Blanton, M. D. Therrell, and D. A. Gay. 1998. Science 280:564–567.

• Wallenstein 2007, p. 22.

• Hashaw 2007, pp. 76–77, 239–240.

• Higginbotham, A. Leon (1975). In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780195027457.

• Foner, Philip S. (1980). "History of Black Americans: From Africa to the emergence of the cotton kingdom". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013.

• Hashaw 2007, pp. 211–215.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 51–59.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 76–77.

• Anderson 2000, p. 23.

• Anderson 2000, pp. 42–43.

• "Signers of the Declaration (Richard Henry Lee)". National Park Service. April 13, 2006. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2008.

• Gutzman 2007, pp. 24–29.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 125–133.

• Schwartz, Stephan A. (May 2000). "George Mason: Forgotten Founder, He Conceived the Bill of Rights". Smithsonian (31.2): 142.

• Cooper 2007, p. 58.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 131–133.

• Wallenstein 2007, p. 104.

• Robertson 1993, pp. 8–12

• Davis 2006, pp. 125, 208–210.

• "Census Data for Year 1860". University of Virginia. 2007. Archived from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2010.

• Morgan 1998, p. 490.

• Goodwin 2012, pp. 4.

• Tripp, Steve. "Lynchburg During the Civil War". Encyclopedia of Virginia. Library of Virginia. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013.

• Robertson 1993, p. 170.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 249–250.

• Morgan 1992, pp. 160–166.

• Dailey, Gilmore & Simon 2000, pp. 90–96.

• Wallenstein 2007, pp. 253–254.

• Davis 2006, pp. 328–329.

• "Our Heritage". Northrop Grumman. December 20, 2011. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2012.

• Feuer 1999, pp. 50–52.

• Goodwin 2012, p. 238.

• Greenspan 2009, pp. 37–43.

• Wallenstein 2007, pp. 340–341.

• Wallenstein 2007, pp. 357.

• Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 359–366.

• Accordino 2000, pp. 76–78.

• Kelly, Christopher (November 29, 2001). "Forensic feat IDs nearly all Pentagon victims". Stripe. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2009.

• "Virginia (USA): State, Major Cities, & Places". City Population. July 1, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2019.

• "Virginia (USA): State, Major Cities, & Places". City Population. July 1, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2019.

• "County & County Equivalent Areas". United States Census Bureau. April 19, 2005. Archived from the original on November 28, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2007.

• Niemeier, Bernie (September 28, 2009). "Unique structural issues make progress in Virginia difficult". Virginia Business. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2009.

• "Dillon's Rule: Legal Framework for Decision Making" (PDF). University of Virginia. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2011. Retrieved November 22, 2010.

• Davis, Marc (January 31, 2008). "Chesapeake, Suffolk on track to pass neighbors in terms of population". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on January 8, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2008.

• "Virginia 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File". United States Census Bureau. April 1, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2011.

• "NNSY History". United States Navy. August 27, 2007. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2010.

• "All About Suffolk". Suffolk. February 12, 2007. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2008.

• Somashekhar, Sandhya; Gardner, Amy (July 5, 2009). "To Be or Not to Be Fairfax County?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2009.

• "Doing Business in Fairfax County". Fairfax County Economic Development Authority. June 26, 2007. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2007.

• Hager, Hannah (November 12, 2010). "Loudoun named richest county in the nation, again". Loudoun Times-Mirror. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2011.

• Battiata, Mary (November 27, 2005). "Silent Streams". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.

• "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017". 2017 Population Estimate. United States Census Bureau. February 1, 2019. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.

• "Results from the 1860 Census". The Civil War Home Page. Archived from the original on June 4, 2004.

• Resident Population Data. "Resident Population Data – 2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2016.

• "State Resident Population—Components of Change: 2010 to 2018" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. December 27, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2010.

• "Center Of Population Project". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2000. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2016.

• Aisch, Gregor; Gebeloff, Robert; Quealy, Kevin (August 14, 2014). "Where We Came From and Where We Went, State by State". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• "Virginia – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2012.

• "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Virginia". U.S. Census Bureau. 2018. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2019.

• Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2012.

• Miller et al. 2003, pp. 6, 147.

• Lieberson, Stanley & Waters, Mary C. (1986). "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 487 (79): 82–86. doi:10.1177/0002716286487001004.

• Fischer, David Hackett (1989). Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 633–639. ISBN 978-0-19-503794-4.

• W. J. Rorabaugh, Donald T. Critchlow, Paula C. Baker (2004). America's promise: a concise history of the United States Archived April 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 29. ISBN 0-7425-1189-8.

• "Scots-Irish Sites in Virginia". Virginia Is For Lovers. January 3, 2008. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2008.

• "Scots-Irish Heritage – Virginia Is For Lovers". Virginia.org. 2011. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.

• Keller, Christian B. (2001). "Pennsylvania and Virginia Germans during the Civil War". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 109: 37–86. Archived from the original on May 22, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.

• "Total Ancestry Reported". 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2019.

• Raby, John (February 3, 2011). "Virginians in the census: 8 million total, 1M in Fairfax County". The Virginian-Pilot. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2011.

• Pinn 2009, p. 175; Chambers 2005, pp. 10–14

• Frey, William H. (May 2004). "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000" (PDF). The Living Cities Census Series: 1–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2007. Retrieved September 10, 2008.

• "Virginia ranks highest in U.S. for black-white marriages". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved April 20, 2014.

• Cai, Qian (February 2008). "Hispanic Immigrants And Citizens In Virginia". Numbers Count. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2012.

• Wilder, Layla (March 28, 2008). "Centreville: The Gazette". Gazette. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.

• Wilder, Layla (August 1, 2015). "Centreville: The census". census. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.

• Wood, Joseph (January 1997). "Vietnamese American Place Making in Northern Virginia". Geographical Review. 87 (1): 58–72. doi:10.2307/215658. JSTOR 215658.

• Wilder, Layla (March 28, 2008). "Centreville: The New Koreatown?". Fairfax County Times. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2009.

• Firestone, Nora (June 12, 2008). "Locals celebrate Philippine Independence Day". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.

• Schulte, Brigid (November 23, 2007). "As Year's End Nears, Disappointment". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2008.

• "Virginia". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on December 1, 2007. Retrieved August 20, 2013.

• Joseph 2006, p. 63.

• Clay III, Edwin S.; Bangs, Patricia (May 9, 2005). "Virginia's Many Voices". Fairfax County, Virginia. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved November 28, 2007.

• Miller, John J. (August 2, 2005). "Exotic Tangier". National Review. Retrieved October 9, 2008.

• NW, 1615 L. St; Washington, Suite 800; Inquiries, DC 20036 USA202-419-4300 | Main202-419-4349 | Fax202-419-4372 | Media. "Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics | Pew Research Center". Archived from the original on March 12, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". www.thearda.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2013.

• Vegh, Steven G. (November 10, 2006). "2nd Georgia church joins moderate Va. Baptist association". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved December 18, 2007.

• "SBCV passes 500 mark". Baptist Press. November 20, 2007. Archived from the original on February 19, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2007.

• Boorstein, Michelle (March 10, 2014). "Supreme Court won't hear appeal of dispute over Episcopal Church's property in Va". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.

• Walker, Lance. "USA-Virginia". Mormon Newsroom. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.

• Olitzky 1996, p. 359.

• Alfaham, Sarah (September 11, 2008). "Muslims' visibility in region growing". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Charlottesville Daily Progress. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2009.

• "Megachurch Search Results". Hartford Institute for Religion Research. 2008. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2008.

• "The Virginia Department of Labor and Industry: Frequently Asked Questions: Labor & Employment Law". Archived from the original on December 7, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.

• "Virginia State Energy Profiles". Energy Information Administration. United States Department of Energy. June 26, 2008. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.

• "Virginia facts". National Geographic. April 2, 2008. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.

• "Virginia State Unemployment Rate and Total Unemployed". Department of Numbers. July 2017. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved December 22, 2018.

• "Best Places to Live 2011 – Top 25: Fastest job growth – from MONEY Magazine". CNN. July 14, 2010. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.

• "Gross domestic product (GDP) by state". Bureau of Economic Analysis. November 14, 2018. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2019.

• "Per capita personal income". Regional Economic Information System. Bureau of Economic Analysis. April 2007. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved November 24, 2007.

• Matt Woolsey, America's Richest Counties, Forbes.com, 01.22.08, 6:00 p.m. ET Archived May 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Forbes.com Web site. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.

• "Best Places to Live 2011 – Top 25: Biggest earners – from MONEY Magazine". CNN. July 14, 2010. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.

• Frank, Robert (January 15, 2014). "Top states for millionaires per capita". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 22, 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2014.

• Vogel, Steve (May 27, 2007). "How the Pentagon Got Its Shape". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2009.

• Helderman, Rosalind S. (May 6, 2010). "Virginia's love-hate relationship with federal spending". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.

• Sauter, Michael B.; Uible, Lisa; Nelson, Lisa; Hess, Alexander E. M. (August 3, 2012). "States That Get The Most Federal Money". Fox Business Network. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.

• Ellis, Nicole Anderson (September 1, 2008). "Virginia weighs its dependence on defense spending". Virginia Business. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.

• Fox, Justin (February 8, 2007). "The Federal Job Machine". Time. Archived from the original on December 3, 2007. Retrieved November 7, 2007.

• "Bob McDonnell says Virginia is No. 1 state in veterans per capita". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on October 7, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013.

"Virginia Finally Comes Into Play". CBS News. October 17, 2008. Archived from the original on October 21, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008.

• "Virginia Transportation Modeling Program". Virginia Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013.

• "Salaries of Virginia state employees 2012–13". Richmond Times-Dispatch. June 30, 2013. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.

• Poersch, Gregory (April 2, 2008). "1 of Out of 11 Workers in Virginia in Tech Industry, Highest Concentration in the Nation, AeA Says". American Electronics Association. Reuters. Archived from the original on January 22, 2010. Retrieved October 7, 2007.

• Censer, Marjorie (October 4, 2011). "Virginia loses tech jobs but maintains highest concentration in U.S." TechAmerica. Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2012.

• Richards, Gregory (February 24, 2007). "Computer chips now lead Virginia exports". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2008.

• "State Exports from Virginia". census.gov. United States Census. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2016.

• Soldner, Allan (August 8, 2014). "Virginia has the Fastest Internet Speed within the US, Report Shows". The Week. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2014.

• Bacqué, Peter (December 13, 2013). "Va. Power certifies West Creek as potential data center site". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2014.

• Rareshide, Michael. "Top 10 Largest Data Center Markets in the United States". Archived from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• Dolan-Del Vecchio, Erik. "Largest U.S. Data Center Markets Continue To Boom". Bisnow Media. Archived from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• Badenhausen, Kurt (November 28, 2018). "The Best States for Business 2018". Forbes. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 9, 2019.

• "Top States 2018: Virginia". CNBC. July 10, 2018. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2019.

• "Best and Worst States for Business Owners". Fundivo. August 27, 2014. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2014.

• "Virginia's Fortune 500 list grows". Virginia Business. June 8, 2017. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2019.

• Clabaugh, Jeff (September 4, 2013). "Virginia tourism sets record". Washington Business Journal. Archived from the original on October 7, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013.

• Scott McCaffrey (September 9, 2013). "Fairfax Narrowly Misses Out on No. 1 Ranking in Va. Tourism Spending". Sun Gazette. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2013.

• Blackwell & Causey 2005, p. 461.

• "Virginia Agriculture — Facts and Figures". Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 2012. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2012.

• McNatt, Linda (October 17, 2007). "Tomato moves into the top money-making spot in Virginia". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on May 23, 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2007.

• "Virginia" (PDF). 2007 Census of Agriculture. United States Census Bureau. July 17, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 20, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2009.

• McBryde, John (January 21, 2015). "Virginia's Bountiful Seafood Harvest". Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.

• "Governor McAuliffe Launches New Virginia Oyster Trail" (PDF) (Press release). Governor of Virginia. August 19, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2019.

• Bhattarai, Abha (September 23, 2016). "As wine sales hit record highs, Virginia wineries are in a race for grapes". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2019.

• "About the United States Wine and Grape Industry". National Association of American Wineries. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.

• "Sales and Use Tax". Virginia Department of Taxation. April 25, 2014. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.

• "Virginia Tax Facts" (PDF). Virginia Department of Taxation. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.

• McGraw 2005, p. 14.

• Fischer & Kelly 2000, pp. 102–103.

• "Roots of Virginia Culture" (PDF). Smithsonian Folklife Festival 2007. Smithsonian Institution. July 5, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 29, 2008.

• Williamson 2008, p. 41.

• Gray & Robinson 2004, pp. 81, 103.

• Kirkpatrick, Mary Alice. "Summary of Jurgen: A Comedy of Justice". Library of Southern Literature. University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on June 1, 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2009.

• Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (November 2, 2006). "William Styron, Novelist, Dies at 81". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2009.

• Dirda, Michael (November 7, 2004). "A Coed in Full". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 26, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2009.

• Jackman, Tom (May 27, 2012). "Fairfax native Matt Bondurant's book is now the movie 'Lawless'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 28, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2012.

• Fain, Travis (June 27, 2014). "Gov. taps new OIG, elections chief, hires House member". Daily Press. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

• "State Arts Agency Funding and Grant Making" (PDF) (Press release). National Assembly of State Arts Agencies. March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2010.

• Smith 2008, pp. 22–25.

• Howard, Burnham & Burnham 2006, pp. 88, 206, 292.

• "Mission & History". Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. 2007. Archived from the original on August 27, 2007. Retrieved December 9, 2007.

• Howard, Burnham & Burnham 2006, pp. 165–166.

• Goodwin 2012, p. 154.

• Rice, Ruth (November 27, 2006). "Holiday magic: Arcadia play tells tale of Christmas poem". The Tribune-Democrat. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2010.

• "The Roots and Branches of Virginia Music". Folkways. Smithsonian Institution. 2007. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2014.

• Pace, Reggie (August 14, 2013). "12 Virginia Bands You Should Listen to Now". Paste. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2014.

• Dickens, Tad (June 3, 2014). "Old Dominion country band has Roanoke Valley roots". The Roanoke Times. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.

• Howard, Burnham & Burnham 2006, pp. 29, 121, 363, 432.

• Scott & Scott 2004, pp. 307–308

• Goodwin 2012, pp. 25, 287.

• Meyer, Marianne (June 7, 2007). "Live!". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2008.

• "Virginia Lake Festival". Virginia Tourism Corporation. 2008. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2008.

• Goodwin 2012, pp. 25–26.

• "Local Television Market Universe Estimates" (PDF). September 12, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014.

• "Virginia TV Stations". MondoTimes. 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.

• "FM Query". Federal Communications Commission. May 6, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.

• "AM Query". Federal Communications Commission. May 6, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.

• "Highest Circulation Virginia Newspapers". Mondo Newspapers. 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014.

• "USA Today posts small circulation gain as it undergoes a revamp to counter Internet threat". Reading Eagle. Associated Press. April 20, 2011. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.

• "Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville". UNESCO. October 15, 2008. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

• "Virginia State Comparisons Data". National Assessment of Educational Progress. 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "Virginia Earns a B-Minus on State Report Card, Ranks Tenth in Nation". Education Week. September 5, 2018. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "Virginia School Report Card". Virginia Department of Education. 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2008.

• Connors, Mike; Gregory, Sara (October 1, 2018). "Graduation rates inch up around Virginia; some Hampton Roads divisions see improvement". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on March 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "State Report Cards". Virginia Department of Education. 2018. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2011.

• "Public School report" (CSV). Virginia Department of Education. 2018. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• Lombard, Hamilton (December 17, 2018). "Virginia's school enrollment declined in 2018 for the first time in decades". Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "Governor's School Program". Virginia Department of Education. 2019. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "School Locater". Virginia Council for Private Education. 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "Home-Schooled Students and Religious Exemptions" (XLS). Virginia Department of Education. 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "College Navigator — Search Results". National Center for Education Statistics. United States Department of Education. 2019. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "Top Public National Universities 2019". U.S. News and World Report. September 9, 2018. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2018.

• "Best Art Schools". U.S. News and World Report. 2016. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "Regional Universities South Rankings". U.S. News and World Report. September 9, 2018. Archived from the original on March 15, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• Mattingly, Justin (December 20, 2018). "'We were no different': Virginia Military Institute integrated 50 years ago". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• "SWCC Presidential Profile" (PDF). Virginia's Community Colleges. September 17, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• National Liberal Arts Colleges Ranking (U.S. News) Archived March 27, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, accessed May 21, 2017

• Hayes, Heather B. (December 31, 2018). "Teaching outside the box". Virginia Business. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.

• "Sentara Norfolk General Hospital-Sentara Heart Hospital, Norfolk, Va". Best Hospitals. U.S. News & World Report. 2007. Archived from the original on July 17, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2008.

• Szabo, Liz (May 12, 2004). "America's first 'test-tube baby'". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2008.

• "Virginia". America's Health Rankings 2013. United Health Foundation. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.

• Kumar, Anita (August 4, 2009). "Infant Mortality in Virginia Falls to All-Time Low". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2009.

• "Virginia – 2009 Overweight and Obesity (BMI)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2011.

• "Virginia – 2007 Exercise". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2011.

• "Measuring Virginia's Obesity Rates". Virginia Performs. 2009. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009. Retrieved March 25, 2009.

• "Va. restaurant owners bracing for smoke ban". The Washington Times. Associated Press. November 30, 2009. Archived from the original on December 1, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.

• "Quick Facts". American Human Development Project. Social Science Research Council. 2012. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.

• "Hospital Compare". United States Department of Health and Human Services. December 11, 2010. Archived from the original on January 8, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2011.

• "University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville". Best Hospitals. U.S. News & World Report. 2007. Archived from the original on June 15, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2008.

• Walker, Keith (December 9, 2008). "Va. gets high disaster preparedness marks". Inside NoVA. Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2008.

• O'Connell, Jonathan (December 18, 2013). "Metro considers building 'inner loop' of new stations to ease congestion in system's core". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2019.

• O'Leary, Amy A. (April 1998). "Beyond the Byrd Road Act: VDOT's Relationship with Virginia's Urban Counties" (PDF). Virginia Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 8, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2009.

• "Virginia's Highway System". Virginia Department of Transportation. February 13, 2018. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

• Mummolo, Jonathan (September 19, 2007). "A Ranking Writ In Brake Lights: D.C. 2nd in Traffic". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2008.

• "Measuring Traffic Congestion in Virginia". Virginia Performs. April 9, 2009. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2009.

• Badger, Emily. "The American decline in driving actually began way earlier than you think". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• Buske, Jennifer (October 14, 2010). "VRE sets ridership record". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2011.

• "FY 2015-FY 2024 Proposed Capital Improvement Plan". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 3, 2014.

• Hosh, Kafia A. (April 15, 2011). "Federal, Va. officials object to underground Metro station at Dulles airport". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2011.

• "Ferry Information". Virginia Department of Transportation. December 4, 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved February 14, 2008.

• "Airports". Virginia Department of Aviation. 2006. Archived from the original on April 29, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.

• "Port/Maritime". Virginia Performs. 2009. Archived from the original on April 13, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2009.

• Goodwin 2012, p. 305.

• Ruane, Michael E. (December 17, 2006). "At Va. Spaceport, Rocket Launches 1,000 Dreams". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2009.

• Hart, Kim (April 21, 2007). "Travel agency launches tourists on out-of-this-world adventures". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved May 26, 2008.

• Helderman, Rosalind S.; Jenkins, Chris L. (May 7, 2006). "Latest Budget Standoff Met With Shrugs". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2007.

• Strum, Albert L.; Howard, A. E. Dick (June 1977). "Commentaries on the Constitution of Virginia by A. E. Dick Howard". The American Political Science Review. 71 (2): 714–715. doi:10.2307/1978427. JSTOR 1978427.

• "Virginia Courts In Brief" (PDF). Virginia Judicial System. May 5, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2009.

• Lettner, Kimberly (2008). "Message from the Chief". The Division of Capitol Police. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2009.

• Listman, Jr., John W.; Carter, III, Lt. Col. Chester C. (August 20, 2007). "Serving Commonwealth and Country". Virginia Army National Guard. Archived from the original on August 11, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2008.

• Williams, Carol J. (September 23, 2010). "Virginia's execution of a woman may signal shift in national thinking". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 24, 2010.

• "Quick Facts for Virginia". The Washington Post. 2009. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved September 11, 2009.

• Rosenwald, Michael S. (April 13, 2011). "Va. returning prisoners to jail at lower-than-average rate, study shows". The Washington Post.

• Vozzella, Laura (April 23, 2016). "Shad Planking, a venerable Va. political confab, tries to reel in a new crowd". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.

• Sweeney, James R. (1999). ""Sheep without a Shepherd": The New Deal Faction in the Virginia Democratic Party". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 29 (2): 438. doi:10.1111/1741-5705.00043. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved March 31, 2008.

• Burchett, Michael H. (Summer 1997). "Promise and prejudice: Wise County, Virginia and the Great Migration, 1910–1920". The Journal of Negro History. 82 (3): 312–327. doi:10.2307/2717675. JSTOR 2717675.

• Eisman, Dale (October 25, 2006). "Webb, Allen court Hispanic, white-collar voters in N. Va". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved March 29, 2008.

• Przybyla, Heidi (November 7, 2012). "Obama Repeats Win in Former Republican Stronghold Virginia". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved November 24, 2012.

• Turque, Bill; Wiggins, Ovetta; Stewart, Nikita (February 13, 2008). "In Virginia, Results Signal A State in Play for November". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved September 29, 2008.

• Miller, Gary; Schofield, Norman (May 2003). "Activists and Partisan Realignment in the United States". The American Political Science Review. 97 (2): 245–260. doi:10.1017/s0003055403000650. JSTOR 3118207.

• Craig, Tim (December 11, 2007). "Tensions Could Hurt Majority in Va. Senate". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2007.

• Clemons, Michael L.; Jones, Charles E. (July 2000). "African American Legislative Politics in Virginia". Journal of Black Studies. 30 (6, Special Issue: African American State Legislative Politics): 744–767. doi:10.1177/002193470003000603. JSTOR 2645922.

• Craig, Tim; Kumar, Anita (November 8, 2007). "Kaine Hails 'Balance' in New Political Landscape". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2007.

• Helderman, Rosalind S.; Kumar, Anita (November 4, 2009). "GOP reclaims Virginia". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 19, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.

• Lewis, Bob (November 10, 2011). "GOP claims Va. Senate majority after Dem concedes". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 13, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2011.

• "Decision 2013: Virginia general election results". The Washington Post. November 6, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.

• "McAuliffe wins nailbiter Virginia governor's race". CBS News. November 6, 2013. Archived from the original on November 6, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.

• Bycoffe, Aaron (November 6, 2013). "2013 Elections: Governor, Mayor, Congress". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 7, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.

• Lavender, Paige (November 6, 2013). "Virginia Election Results: Terry McAuliffe Beats Ken Cuccinelli In Governor's Race". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 7, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.

• "2013: Virginia House of Delegates election results". Virginia Board of Elections. November 12, 2013. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.

• Barakat, Matthew (November 7, 2017). "Virginia House up for grabs after Democrats' historic gains". The Seattle Times. AP. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• Moomaw, Graham (January 4, 2018). "Del. David E. Yancey wins tiebreaker for key Virginia House of Delegates seat". Fredericksburg.com. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

• Lewis, Bob (November 11, 2012). "In the aftermath of the 2012 election, battleground Virginia's political winners and losers". Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 12, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2012.

• Kumar, Anita (November 5, 2008). "Warner Rolls Past His Fellow Former Governor". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2008.

• Bitter, Andy (November 28, 2015). "Bowl-bound Hokies rally to top UVa again". The Roanoke Times. Retrieved December 1, 2015.

• Minium, Harry (July 19, 2001). "Region Works to Attract Franchise Area Makes "Short List" for Existing Team's Move" (PDF). The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2008. Retrieved December 9, 2007.

• Utt, Ronald D. (October 2, 1998). "Cities in Denial: The False Promise of Subsidized Tourist and Entertainment Complexes". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on March 13, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2009.

• Phillips, Michael (August 17, 2013). "Virginia contemplates making play for new Redskins stadium". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved September 5, 2013.

• O'Connor, John (April 2, 2010). "Squirrels will nest at Diamond for several years". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2010.

• "Baseball in Virginia". Virginia is for Lovers. 2011. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.

• "Richmond Kickers". United Soccer League. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018.

• Phillips, Michael (August 22, 2013). "Washington Redskins go home to spruced-up facility". The Roanoke Times. Archived from the original on September 5, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013.

• "NASCAR in Virginia". Virginia is for Lovers. 2011. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.

• Sylwester, MaryJo; Witosky, Tom (February 18, 2004). "Athletic spending grows as academic funds dry up". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 3, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2010.

• Brady, Erik (December 14, 2006). "Virginia town is big game central". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2008.

• Welch 2006, pp. 1–3.

• "Capitol Classroom". Virginia General Assembly. December 13, 2007. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.

• "Listen: Virginia Now Has 2 State Songs". Patch. March 27, 2015. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.

        School Description

Choose the education that's right for YOU!               

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/ES	Computer Engineering Technology (CET)
School: DeVry University Program: Computer engineering technologists take a hands-on approach to designing and implementing computer systems or other digital subsystems, software and interfaces to link computers to other physical systems. They design software systems, create codes and protocols, test and evaluate hardware and software products and processes, and diagnose and solve problems. Computers and networks are leading technologies driving engineering job markets; thus, graduates with competencies in software development as well as sound knowledge of hardware and engineering processes are in high demand. To this end, DeVry's Computer Engineering Technology (CET) program integrates coursework in hardware and software technologies crucial to professional success. Graduates are proficient in creating programs that involve development, modification and application of software codes and protocols. * In New York, Computer Technology :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Crystal City (Arlington), VA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/ES	Electronics Engineering Technology (EET)
School: DeVry University Program: Electronics specialists are at the heart of rapidly evolving technology, applying their expertise in diverse areas such as semiconductor chip manufacturing, telecommunications, wireless, computer networking, the internet, transportation, entertainment, medicine and space exploration. Global competition and the unparalleled speed at which new products are developed have greatly increased the need for highly productive and adaptive engineering technologists. The EE program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and science, analysis and design of electrical and electronic circuits and systems, digital and microprocessor systems, electronic communications and controls, computer programming, and senior project design and development. ** In New York, Electronics Technology :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Crystal City (Arlington), VA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/ES	PC Programming
School: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute Program: The Chubb Institute and Banner Institute's (Not affiliated with the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies) Personal Computer programs can train you in some of the most widely used computer applications and techniques, helping you obtain the technical skills you need for a successful future. The objective of our programs is to develop entry-level administrative and office support personnel who possess: The skills necessary to perform in a modern computerized office; The PC knowledge required for professional growth; The professional office skills that employers expect; The ability to present themselves effectively to prospective employers. :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Reston, VA ::  more info

top

Code	Concentration	More Info
CA/ES	Gibbs School - Business Programs: Microcomputer Specialist Program
School: Gibbs College Program: Students interested in computer applications and management are encouraged to enroll in the Microcomputer Specialist Program. The widespread use of computers in today's business world enables qualified personnel to utilize numeric data for budgeting, forecasting, and preparing financial projections. Students are introduced to graphics for presentations and for the electronic transmittal of information. :: Concentration: Electronic Systems :: Campus    ::  Location: Vienna, VA ::  more info

top

Electronic Systems - Select a State
Alabama	Massachusetts	Ontario
Arizona	Winnepeg, MB	Oregon
Vancouver, BC	Maryland	Pennsylvania
California	Minnesota	Puerto Rico
Colorado	Missouri	Rhode Island
Connecticut	Mississippi	Texas
Florida	New Jersey	Utah
Georgia	New Mexico	Virginia
Hawaii	Nevada	Washington
Idaho	New York	Wisconsin
Illinois	Ohio	Online Programs
Louisiana	Oklahoma

School Description

electronic systems

Virginia Listing

Electronics specialists are at the heart of rapidly evolving technology, applying their expertise in diverse areas such as semiconductor chip manufacturing, telecommunications, wireless, computer networking, the internet, transportation, entertainment, medicine and space exploration. Global competition and the unparalleled speed at which new products are developed have greatly increased the need for highly productive and adaptive engineering technologists.

The EE program is composed of coursework in communication skills, humanities, social sciences, personal and professional development, mathematics and science, analysis and design of electrical and electronic circuits and systems, digital and microprocessor systems, electronic communications and controls, computer programming, and senior project design and development.

top

Electronic Systems Sponsors

| Technical and Non-Technical Degrees | Chubb Institute | DeVry University | University of Phoenix | DeVry Keller University | College Searching

College Searching Sponsors

debt consolidation | University Online Degree | Home Remodeling | debt help | General Links |

about | contact | sitemap

College Searching and Online Degrees offer Associate, Bachelor, Masters and Ph.D. degrees in automotive, teaching, finance, internet technology, accounting, marketing, Electronic Systems, nursing, computer science, fashion and graphic design, and much more!